Use of Night and Darkness in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE Coursework Macbeth Essays

Use of Night and Darkness in Macbeth Shakespeare is known for his descriptively rich plays. He also ways does an excellent job of describing both the characters as well as the setting. One specific area of the play MacBeth is the use of night and darkness to show evil or happening that are not right. Examples of this are the many appearances of the witches, the murders that occur, and the conflicts that MacBeth faces with his mental health. The following three paragraphs will further discuss these topics. The first example of Shakespeare’s use of night and darkness in the appearances of the three witches. The witch sisters are the main sources of evil within the play MacBeth. When the witches are in an act, storms or the darkness of the woods always accompanies them. This shows great evilness. " Thunder and lightning. Enter three witches." This is the opening scene description just before the introduction to the witches. This shows their evil nature as the are followed by rough storms in dark conditions. Another quote is " Fair is fowl and fowl is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air." This is another example of the disgusting and dirty, dark atmosphere around the witches. Then, towards the end of Hecate’s, queen of witches, speech, she says "Hark! I am called. My little spirit, see: Sits a foggy cloud and it stays for me." This shows a clear mental picture of the fogy, ugly conditions, which are prominent, when the witches are around. So this is a very good exampl e of Shakespeare being able to link darkness and stormy conditions with evil. The second example of Shakespeare writing techniques to show evil as darkness is the number of murders and when it was that they occurred. When there was a murder, it was often committed at night or in the dark. This then also ties in with the entire connection of darkness with evil, murder being the source of evil. The most known example of murder is when MacBeth kills Banquo. During his speech where he is proceeding to kill Banquo he says " ...Nature seems dead, and wicked dreams abuse the curtained sleep. Witchcraft celebrates pale Hecate’s offerings , and withered Murder , alarumed by his sentiel , the wolf , who’s howl’s his watch....." The references to the dreams, sleep, witches and the wolf’s howl all depict the nighttime as this is when most of those words are seen.

Race and Ethnicity Essay

Stereotypes can convey characters and images quickly and clearly, so advertising relies on stereotypes as shortcuts to meaning. The time and space constraints of advertising and any other commercially driven message simply cannot allow for a complete representation of people from any given social group, but stereotypes can clue in to the importance responsibly. Depending on how they are formed and used, stereotypes can present problems. They can be used in functional or dysfunctional way. The functional aspects of stereotypes; stereotype is valuable to create classifications of individuals and serves as conventional characters. So, they are functional when they are accepted as a natural way to guide our expectations. Dysfunctional stereotype, a stereotype in which abnormal or impaired aspects of a culture are emphasized. So, they are dysfunctional when they are used as the sole way to wholly judge individuals incorrectly, seeing them only as part of group. An example of a functional stereotype is that the Germans are punctual, which is correct. On average, they are more punctual than many other peoples. Certainly, the Italians and the Spanish have a different concept of time. For the Spanish, knowledge of this aspect of the German culture means that they can adapt their behavior: when they are expected for dinner, 8 o’clock means 8 o’clock, and not 9 or 10 as it does in Spain. An example of a dysfunctional stereotype is the British saying that the French are dirty, oversexed, and ludicrously obsessed with their culture, and the French saying that the British are cold, uncultivated, hypocritical, and unreliable. Yes, the British are more reserved in the eyes of the French, just like now, Hong Kong people think the mainland people are dirty, low education level, no civic sense and so on — all these are dysfunctional stereotypes. However, it is necessary for the advertisements to consider the fact that the dysfunctional aspects of stereotypes far outweigh the functional aspects. Constant exposure of representation of social identity in stereotypical terms in media discourse can make people experience the dangers in real life. For instance, In 2009 „Coke Brrr side of life? television commercial, racial or national identity are presented in stereotypical terms. Problem arises when Blacks/Africans are more negatively stereotyped than Whites/Americans/Europeans and Japanese/Asians. Negative stereotypes generate negative social meanings or implications. By being depicted as lacking in seriousness in the midst of a serious world conference, the African representatives seem misplaced or misbehaved. The negative social implications of these Sambo stereotypes are that Africans are seen as less civilized and less educated than Europeans and Asians, and thus inferior to them. The negative racial stereotyping is inevitable. It is necessary for the producer of this commercial to exploit the functional aspects of stereotypes—creating classifications of individuals and as conventional characters in popular stories—to achieve their profit-oriented goal. What is more significant for the producer(s) to consider is the possibility of audience?s increasing anxiety that may be triggered by the broadcast of TV commercials with negative stereotypical representations like 2009 „Coke Brrr side of life? and the risk of this anxiety to become audiences and consumers? resistance to the commercial and the advertised product. If resistance happens, it is unlikely that the producer(s) can reach their profit-oriented goal. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=99PC7AtabVk —

Qantas Dispute

Qantas dispute heads to umpire, more pain possible Kelly Burke, Matthew O'Sullivan, Jessica Wright November 22, 2011 [pic] Alan Joyce†¦ â€Å"the winners out of this are our customers†. Photo: Dallas Kilponen THE Qantas dispute will drag into next year and there is a threat of further legal action, with negotiations between the three unions and the airline collapsing within hours of the mandated deadline. Despite a push by the Transport Workers Union to extend the 21-day negotiation period, yesterday afternoon airline management walked away from talks with its ground crew, including baggage handlers and catering staff, less than an hour after doing the same with its long-haul pilots. Late in the afternoon, Qantas and the third union locked in dispute, the Australian Licensed Aircraft Engineers Association, agreed to call it quits and hand the remaining unresolved issues – the use of contractors and hiring staff from outside Australia – over to the industrial relations umpire. The process of binding arbitration under Fair Work Australia is expected to take months as the umpire gathers evidence and calls for expert witnesses and written submissions. Although unlikely, disruptions to the holiday plans of thousands of Qantas passengers cannot be ruled out, with the TWU to decide on Thursday whether it will mount a legal challenge to Fair Work's order on October 31 to terminate industrial action. The union has said it will seek a stay if it decides to challenge, which would allow its members to resume work stoppages over the Christmas and New Year period. The pilots' union has already begun legal action against Fair Work's decision with the first directions hearing in the Federal Court set down for December 1. But industrial law experts are skeptical about the likely success of the TWU and pilots' legal challenges. Emeritus Professor Ron McCallum, from the Sydney Law School, said it was highly unlikely the Federal Court would grant the TWU a stay, which would allow its members to take legal strike action. ‘The [union's case] would have to successfully argue that Fair Work acted contrary to the law, that they misconstrued their powers †¦ and that will be very hard to do,† he said. The Transport Minister, Anthony Albanese, said there was a lack of goodwill and respect from all sides and the government's position on union moves to take legal action was iron clad. †We don't support people taking legal action. We have an umpire and the umpire should be allowed to make their decision. We're confident the courts would uphold that,† he said. The Workplace Relations Minister, Chris Evans, warned that further industrial action by any party would be unlawful. The federal secretary of the TWU, Tony Sheldon, said Qantas had decided to drag its employees through the courts rather than agree to an extension of the conciliation period, where the issue of job security, including the number of contractors Qantas wanted to use, were the sticking points. †Qantas has not displayed good faith in these negotiations. The TWU wanted a sprint to the finish but Qantas just hopped on the treadmill. It looked like they were moving but they weren't going anywhere. † The vice-president of the Australian and International Pilots Association, Richard Woodward, said negotiations had ended after the two sides failed to agree over the terms for efficiency gains of up to 20 per cent in areas such as pilot rostering. †Management obviously believes that a decision achieved through arbitration is preferable,† he said. â€Å"It is a pity that Qantas as an airline will have to be subjected to this long, drawn-out process when a negotiated outcome was possible. ‘ Qantas's chief executive, Alan Joyce, conceded that binding arbitration could take months but said it would eventually lead to agreements that could last as long as four years. He dismissed claims from the pilots' union that Qantas never intended to reach an agreement during the 21 days. †Passengers can now travel with confidence. The winners out of this are our customers. The winners out of this are em ployees and our shareholders. They have certainty,† he said. http://www. smh. com. au/business/qantas-dispute-heads-to-umpire-more-pain-possible-20111122-1nrgj. tml Overview This article is a well-publicized national dispute between Qantas and it’s employees about; pay, job security, and working conditions. The Qantas employee’s involved in this dispute are; pilots, baggage handlers, engineers and the catering department. Analysis This industrial dispute between Qantas and its employees has been dragging on for quite some time now, and I would have to agree with some of the comments made in the article by the Transport Minister, Anthony Albanese, when he said, â€Å"there was a lack of goodwill and respect from all sides†. I agree with those comments made by the Transport Minister, because there appears to have been very minimal progress made during the bargaining process, prior to Fair Work Australia’s (FWA) intervention. Now that the dispute is going to arbitration it will be extremely interesting to see how the term bargaining in good faith will be justified and measured. I believe the term bargaining in good faith to be quite open to disagreement, and it will be rather difficult to prove that any particular party was not acting in good faith. On the FWA website there is a description for good faith bargaining which explains that; the good faith bargaining requirements that a bargaining representative for a proposed enterprise agreement must meet: †¢ attending, and participating in, meetings at reasonable times †¢ disclosing relevant information (other than confidential or commercially sensitive information) in a timely manner †¢ responding to proposals made by other bargaining representatives for the agreement in a timely manner †¢ giving genuine consideration to the proposals of other bargaining representatives for the agreement, and giving reasons for the bargaining representative's responses to those proposals †¢ refraining from capricious or unfair conduct that undermines freedom of association or collective bargaining †¢ recognising and bargaining with the other bargaining representatives for the agreement. The good faith bargaining requirements do not require a bargaining representative to: †¢ make concessions during bargaining for the agreement †¢ reach agreement on the terms that are to be included in the agreement†. (http://www. fwa. gov. au/index. cfm? pagename=agreementsdeterminations#good) I believe that globalization may have played a part in the lack of good faith bargaining in this EBA dispute, because the major sticking point in this dispute is job security for the employees, and Qantas can’t guarante e this whilst pursuing its organizational strategic objectives. Part of Qantas’s long-term strategic plan is to increasingly use contractual part time employees within Australia, as well as establishing some offshore workforces to fulfill roles such as engineering. Therefore, I think that Qantas had always intended to eventually use FWA to intervene and assist in settling this dispute. I can completely empathize with the employee’s desires to ensure job security into the future, but I can also understand the strategic organizational needs of Qantas management. Some people would argue that globalization is just a convenient management excuse for cost cutting, but there are definitely global pressures in today’s economic environment that make issues such as this extremely delicate to strike a balance. Left-wing critics, however argue that the demon of globalization is just a convenient management excuse for cost-cutting and anti-union behavior designed to decollectivize the workplace and promote market forces. The real problems for Australia’s competitiveness, according to such critics, are not in unproductive workplaces, but in the boardrooms of banks, large corporations and other centers of financial power†. (Stone. R – pg. 541, 2008) Conclusion It is hard to know whether there was good faith bargaining displayed from both Qantas management and the unions during these negotiations, and that is some thing that the FWA tribunal will decide on. However, I do believe that if there were more consultation, honesty and eventually trust built between both parties, there would have been more progress made before the FWA intervention. I would have also recommended that both parties begin these negotiations by deciding which issues that they agree on going forward, and then start trying to negotiate the more difficult issues. By doing this both parties will slowly build some small amounts of trust, which helps to facilitate more consultation. References Book Stone. J Raymond -Human Resource Management 6th Edition, 2008. John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. Milton, QLD 4064 Online http://www. smh. com. au/business/qantas-dispute-heads-to-umpire-more-pain-possible-20111122-1nrgj. html http://www. fwa. gov. au/index. cfm? pagename=agreementsdeterminations#good

Answer my 6 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer my 6 questions - Essay Example On point and work towards the cause collaboratively. I think social media has a huge influence on the life of every person. I cannot imagine living a single day without using Facebook and Twitter which keep me connected to my friends and family. In future, social media is likely to play a more active role in making young generation aware of all political, social, and economic matters. I think the concept of American dream has not changed a great deal from what it had been for previous generations. People of all time have been demanding complete freedom and equal human rights and these are the main dreams even for the young generation. My generation will change the country politically by playing voting for the right person, socially by working for resolving social issues, and economically by playing an active role in improving the economy of the country. To me, American dream has been successful. One example is that in America, there is no judicial discrimination even against foreigners. Second example is of personal freedom. In America, one can live the life with complete individual

Research the writings of Robert Skidelsky and Paul Krugman and Essay

Research the writings of Robert Skidelsky and Paul Krugman and summarise their explanations and remedies for the recession, drawing comparisons as appropriate, to Keynesian theory about recession - Essay Example By avoiding a fall in aggregate demand, the government avoids excessive and wasteful supply, controls unemployment and shields the public from unprecedented fluxes in prices of consumer goods. The free market masterly of consumer behaviour and its application in determining the performance of the economy is an important element of the private sector. Reaction of the market to unwanted effects can create general glut or recession by avoiding the burden, but the government chips in to rescue the national economy by jump-starting the appropriate response as a public protection outfit. In Keynesian theory, government spending and involvement in the economic equation are therefore incorporated into the classical explanation of how the economy responds to the free market forces of demand and supply (Tucker, 2008, p221). Recession can therefore be avoided by government intervention through fiscal and monetary policies according to the theory. Robert Skidelsky position observed in several pieces of his work demonstrates the common knowledge that private and public sectors are equally important in the economy (Skidelsky, 2010, p1). The author points at the importance of harmonising government intervention with recovery of the private sector towards deficit reduction. It is evident that sustained recovery can only be realized through budget regulation, employment growth and economic growth on government input. Government policies mentioned in Keynesian theory are also revisited by the author in explaining how a well coordinated plan to tackle recession is developed. In Kennedy and Skidelsky (2010, p1) there is a direct link between the need to mobilize government involvement in preventing total spending to sustain recovery from the recent recession. To consolidate recovery from recession, there must be a balance between public and private spending through involvement of the government. In the reduced spending of a recessed economy, the government can induce