Critical-thinking Skills to Identify - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5356 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Apply critical-thinking skills to identify, explain, and defend the selection of the critical leadership problem.   Use relevant facts and assumptions from the 4th ABCT case study below to support your argument.   (30 Points) Applying concepts and processes from case study below, describe how you will solve the problem, implement your vision, and measure effectiveness in achieving your vision.   (50 Points) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critical-thinking Skills to Identify" essay for you Create order The introduction clearly states the thesis and introduces major points. Major points are fully developed using clear reasoning. The conclusion reinforces the thesis and major points. Style is concise, primarily in active voice, and generally free of errors in grammar, punctuation, and spelling. You are LTC (P) Pete Owens, a promotable lieutenant colonel who commanded a battalion in the 4th Armored Brigade Combat Team (ABCT). One month ago, you returned to the post where the 4th ABCT is stationed to assume command of the brigade after attending the Army War College. The current brigade commander, Col Michael Lanks, is retiring early due to medical reasons. Your change of command is in 30 days. While you are excited about getting reacquainted and acclimated with your old unit, you know a lot has happened, including a deployment. In the last 30 days, you have had an opportunity to observe the ABCT and review a multitude of historical documents to assess the state of the brigade.  Ã‚   The 4th ABCT returned from Afghanistan 55 days ago. The most significant event in the next 12 months is the brigade rotation at the National Training Center (NTC), just prior to assuming the transition/mission/committed period in the new Sustainable Readiness Module (SRM) with a Regionally Alig ned Force (RAF) mission. The RAF mission in support of U.S. Army Africa requires two maneuver battalions to deploy consecutively for nine months during the mission phase. Simultaneously, the RAF mission requires the remainder of the 4th to support over 90 theater security cooperation engagements on the African continent ranging in size from two-person teams to company plus. While U.S. Army Africa may cancel some of the existing 90 engagements, they expect the number of engagements to increase, many with limited time for preparation.   During the recent deployment the 4th’s parent division headquarters and the other divisional BCTs did not deploy with the brigade. Instead, the 4th ABCT worked for two other divisions during their deployment and with a number of other BCTs. Further, due to operational needs and capability shortfalls in another brigade, the 4th detached one of its combined arms battalions for nine months. This battalion, â€Å"The War Hawks† gained a rep utation for being superstars and they are very proud of the other division patch they wear on their right shoulder. The brigade has been back at home station for almost two months; reintegration training and block leave are complete. As you continue your assessment, you realize that few, if any, of the ABCT staff remains from your last assignment with the unit. Further, many of the current ABCT staff will PCS in the next few months. The change of command for three of the battalions is in the next 60 days. Your initial perception of COL Lanks, the brigade commander, and CSM Ivor, the brigade command sergeant major, were positive. COL Lanks has been very gracious, allowing you to observe key events and have access to key leaders in the brigade to facilitate your transition. You know you will not have the luxury of having a deputy commander, based on the recent TOE changes, however, your discussions with LTC (P) Tagoli, the outgoing deputy brigade commander, seemed inconsistent with wh at you discussed with the brigade commander and command sergeant major. You remember just three short years ago the 4th ABCT was considered among the best maneuver brigades in FORSCOM. By all measurements, the brigade excelled. Morale across the brigade was high, as it seemed the brigade attracted the best of the officer and non-commissioned officer corps. The brigade had focus. Leaders and Soldiers were dedicated to the mission and a supportive family atmosphere existed among the battalions. There was a strong work ethic. Problems existed but there was a prevailing attitude that most problems could be resolved. More often than not, leaders solved problems at lower levels, they rarely reached the brigade command level. Competition within the brigade existed but it was positively oriented toward the success of the brigade. Frequent coordination occurred among peers to share information, resources, and lessons learned. Often the brigade and battalion officers met informally for happy-hour type social events. Although these were definitely social occasions, the leaders could not help but discuss ways to improve their brigade. Leaders shared information freely with little regard for ownership or competitiveness. Often the battalion and brigade commanders were active participants. Their peers in the division often ridiculed brigade officers as â€Å"whackos† who always wanted to discuss work issues. A similar environment existed among the battalion and brigade non-commissioned officers. Now it appears the environment is different and the battalions are competing not to improve the brigade, but to set themselves apart from the brigade. Camaraderie amongst the outgoing battalion commanders and command sergeants major appears to be only skin-deep.  Ã‚   Prior to your departure to attend the Army War College, the 4th ABCT received notification of a twelve-month deployment to Afghanistan. As a battalion commander, you took pride as you observed all leaders pitching in to â€Å"make it happen.† Soon after the notification and your departure, the brigade experienced a change of command. The new brigade leadership team assumed responsibility for the pre-deployment train-up period. Your remaining brigade contacts indicated that the transition and train-up seemed to go as well as could be expected. The 4th completed its mission readiness exercise (MRE) at the NTC and deployed for war. While the majority of the brigade took block leave over the last month, you had the opportunity to review a number of historical documents, observe routine meetings, speak with members of the brigade, and walk around the brigade’s footprint.   Your review of the brigade’s historical unit status reports indicates the 4th ABCT completed all necessary training and received its required equipment prior to departure. The ABCT deployed at 92 percent strength, although the assigned strength was 105 percent. The commander’s comments specifically highlighted that brigade leaders and Soldiers were well- trained and qualified. The majority of the non-deployable Soldiers remained at home station for medical reasons that surfaced within 60 to 90 days prior to the departure date. During the deployment, the brigade redeployed more than 100 Soldiers for non-combat-related medical problems. While the installation’s medical providers addressed many of the non-deployable S oldiers’ medical concerns, a significant number of non-deployable Soldiers remain on unit roles. Additionally, since returning, the number of medical non-deployable Soldiers has slightly increased above pre-deployment numbers. The brigade’s historical records from Afghanistan indicate the unit was fairly successful in accomplishing all missions. Two of the battalions performed Security Force Advisor Team (SFAT) missions. Personnel from the battalions not involved with SFAT requirements were cross-leveled in the remaining battalions of the 4th. The documents suggest violence in the 4th’s area of operations did not significantly increase, nor did it decrease; and casualties in Afghanistan were considered light. Security of the populace and US forces was a major priority that was accomplished very well, but the records indicate the ABCT’s ability to support the host nation was mixed; the SFATs had marginal success influencing Afghan Army units and police forces. It appeared the ABCT staff was able to manage day-to-day operations effectively, but struggled with their ability to capitalize on opportunities and to anticipate potential threats. Even though the casualties were few in number there was one critical incident that influenced the ABCT dramatically. Approximately three months into the brigade’s twelve-month deployment, a suicide vehicle-borne improvised explosive device detonated on a patrol in one of the maneuver battalion’s area of operations. The attack killed the brigade commander, COL Timmons, the brigade command sergeant major, and one of the battalion commanders, as well as wounded several other Soldiers and Afghan Security Forces. In the immediate aftermath of the attack, LTC (P) Tagoli assumed command of the brigade until the arrival of COL Lanks and CSM Ivor. The division headquarters assigned LTC Rouchard, a battalion command-selectee already with the brigade, to assume battalion command. Another document you reviewed is a Center for Army Lessons Learned (CALL) report compiled from observations of the 4th in Afghanistan. From all accounts, the ABCT and its leaders performed as well as possible in Afghanistan, given the circumstances. However, the official record indicates significant challenges requiring attention. The extensive study identified several specific issues that may have an impact on the organization’s future effectiveness. You highlighted the following sections of the report. Multiple and often incompatible communications systems hampered command and control throughout the brigade. At battalion and below levels, the varying battlefield, electronic, and environmental conditions required leaders to carry multiple radios to communicate effectively. Further, the dispersed nature of multiple combat outposts and forward operating bases (FOBs) created significant digital network challenges for the brigade’s network technicians. The digital network frequently crashed, making communication loss between the brigade and subordinate battalion headquarters a normal, if not daily, occurrence. While tactical satellite and high frequency radios provided some redundancy, the limited number of systems and frequencies available to the brigade in some cases created operational and personal friction. Personnel authorizations on the battalion staffs were not sufficient to allow 24hour operations over a sustained period. Often, battle captains were taken â€Å"out of hide† to conduct the mission, resulting in unqualified and untrained personnel attempting to perform battalion tactical operations center functions, especially during the evening hours. This contributed to increased friction between the brigade and battalion staffs. During the brigade’s deployment, the brigade commander tasked the deputy brigade commander to supervise the SFATs operating within the brigade’s area of operations, synchronize the operations of the brigade support battalion at a different forward operating base, be the â€Å"voice† of the ABCT to the media, act as liaison officer to coalition forces, and act as a chief of staff. These varied missions for the deputy created confusion within the brigade, and this confusion created the perception of a weakened ABCT command structure. COL Lanks contributed to this confusion when he left many of the responsibilities for daily operations with the deputy brigade commander. The modular BCT structure continued to create training challenges, especially within the combined arms battalions. Whereas previously the maneuver battalion commanders and staffs were able to focus on traditional infantry and armor skills (e.g., Bradley and tank gunnery, individual infantry and armor Soldier skills, infantry and armor platoon skills), the same commanders and staffs were required to attain and maintain proficiency at planning and executing individual and collective skills in areas outside their areas of expertise. Moreover, the report identified that this diversification diminished subject-matter expertise, once resident within the maneuver battalions. The Army’s decision to align two battalions with the SFAT mission just prior to the MRE required the leaders to rethink combat organization. The ABCT never quite compensated for this additional mission even after COL Lanks, who had SFAT experience, arrived to take command. Many key leaders and Soldiers in the ABCT, as well as the division staff, were aware of the strain between the SFAT mission and the combat role of the ABCT. The Afghanistan environment placed severe demands upon available resources. Specifically, the need to protect the population and expand operations in previously unsecured areas increased the need for infantry squads. As a result, armor, engineer, artillery, and other Soldiers filled the void, performing typical infantry tasks and not their own military occupational specialty core competencies. Soldiers from the forward support companies also augmented maneuver platoons as vehicle drivers and as alternate quick reaction forces within the maneuver battalions. The 4th ABCT trained for the wrong mission-essential tasks during its training â€Å"ramp-up† for deployment to Afghanistan. The brigade trained predominantly on combined arms maneuver tasks with little emphasis on wide area security scenarios. Upon arrival in theater, operational necessity required use of seven versions of mine-resistant armor protected variant vehicles. The brigade was able to train on only one version at home station. The brigade had few assets available at Bagram Airbase to execute drivers training during reception, staging, onward movement, and integration, requiring the creation of a driver’s training program to train drivers during the first two months in combat. The high OPTEMPO forced the filling of a large number of â€Å"patrol sets† to support the mission. This adversely influenced the maneuver units, the brigade’s special troops battalion (STB) and the brigade support battalion (BSB). A lack of critical mission table of organi zation and equipment (MTOE) authorizations especially affected the brigade STB’s ability to support both brigade and battalion operations. The dispersed nature of the battalions required the BSB to spend increased time on the roads resupplying outlying locations. Lastly, during pre-deployment train-up, the artillery battalion focused on fire support tasks and not small unit operations.  Ã‚   The stability operations mission created unique issues for the 4th ABCT. Although the size of the ABCT staff had a positive effect on shaping operations within their area of operations, the additional tasks associated with resourcing and supporting the SFATs from members of the staff created a â€Å"dual-hatted† staff, reducing the staff’s effectiveness.   The CALL report also indicated a potential problem existed within the culture of the organization. The desire to be seen as an elite, highly professional unit led to the development of behaviors that were generally goo d-natured and helped instill an esprit de corps within the unit. However, the CALL reports contain information that implies some non-commissioned and junior officers allowed these events to devolve to an extreme degree during the deployment. The report suggests that the events have progressed from esprit building to â€Å"sanctioned hazing† according to one junior non-commissioned officer.   You also reviewed a 360-degree commander and staff assessment of the 4th ABCT from the Center for Army Leadership’s Leadership Assessment and Feedback Program. A summary of trends from the assessment indicates that the staff had the trust and confidence of the subordinate units. It also revealed the non-commissioned officers display confidence in their abilities and have a good tactical and technical knowledge. On the other hand, the assessment revealed that commanders shared a lack of willingness to include subordinates in decision-making and they fell short of expectations on developing subordinates, coaching, and counseling. There is a perception by many officers of a seeming lack of concern for leader development by the brigade commander. The report indicates battalion commanders do not routinely counsel company commanders on their performance and the captains receive little to no developmental guidance from either their rater or senior rater. One company commander commented, â€Å"I have always been a top performer, I just do my best and hope it is good enough, if no one is yelling at me, I’m golden.† Recently the ABCT HQ completed a command climate survey. There are some inconsistencies in the survey report. Many of the Soldiers within the HQ seem to like being a member of the ABCT but report stress because of the unknown requirements of the RAF mission and the effect they anticipate on their families. There is clearly some disappointment amongst the leaders in the ABCT. One entry read, â€Å"COL Lanks tells us in formations to take care of our families but he never gives us time to do the things we need to do for them. My wife is really fed up with this unit.† Another comment reads, â€Å"Major Wilson (brigade S4) is always talking to the female Soldiers. I can tell he makes them uncomfortable by the amount of attention he pays them. He even goes out of his way to get certain females into his office. I think it is affecting the performance of the section, but what can I do, I am only a specialist.† You can find no indication that the ABCT leadership took any action on the issues within the survey. The last historical document you reviewed was the brigade’s reset plan and timeline. A careful study of the document reveals the brigade returned 55 days ago and is in the prepare phase of SRM. According to the DA G3/5/7 SRM EXORD for the brigade’s redeployment, the brigade has another 35 days in the prepare phase before transitioning to the ready phase. Of immediate concern is the pending arrival of the unit’s containers and redeploying equipment from Afghanistan. The ship arrived at the port 10 days ago and immediately began downloading equipment to rail back to home station. The brigade commander expects the equipment to start arriving and be complete over the next two weeks. Of critical importance is the turn-in of ancillary equipment (NBC, NVGs, and radios) to the special repair teams beginning in 10 days. The special repair teams will keep the brigade’s equipment for the next four to six weeks to complete technical inspections and repair. Earlier in the week you had an opportunity to discuss last week’s synchronization conference with COL Lanks.   The conference included representatives from FORSCOM, Department of the Army G1, G3/5/7, G4, G8, Army Material Command (AMC), and the division staff primaries. You learned that the program executive office (PEO) Ground Combat Systems representative reported that because the brigade turned in all of its combat platforms (tanks, Bradleys, M113s, Paladins, and tactical operations center (TOC) equipment) prior to deployment, you will not receive your new issue for at least another 14 days. Further, PEO, Command, Control Communication, Tactical (CCCT), mentioned the brigade will receive all new TOC equipment but he did not think the equipment would be ready until another 30 days. The CCCT representative also provided less than optimistic information regarding the brigade’s satellite communication packages. Since the brigade chose to forego much-needed system upgra des prior to deployment, the majority of the components on the existing satellite terminals are out-of-date and no longer under warranty. Additionally, the Army is fielding new communication trailer systems over the next three-quarters of the fiscal year with the brigade’s equipment not scheduled for delivery until just before entering the transition phase in 125 days. Lastly, the AMC representative said the ancillary equipment (wheeled vehicles, trailers, water buffalos, MHE, etc.) the brigade turned into AMC prior to the deployment as left behind equipment will be ready for reissue over a 7-week period beginning in 25 days. The information provided at the conference was grim. The division chief of staff, who attended the final out brief, pledged to COL Lanks that he would remain on top of the division G4 and G8 to ensure program managers and AMC upheld their end of the agreement and returned equipment to the brigade as soon as possible.   The personnel outlook is mixed. The brigade is losing people as they move to new assignments or leave the Army. Most significantly, the change of command ceremonies for three of the brigade’s battalions will occur in the next 60 days. On a positive note, about half of the field grade officers in the battalions will remain in the brigade because they deployed late after completing the Command and General Staff Officer Course or their division staff time. The battalion XOs all appear competent and have a good understanding of their battalions’ strengths and weaknesses and brigade-level systems. There is also a significant turnover expected in the officers in the brigade headquarters. The brigade did receive some replacement personnel during the deployment, and can expect Human Resource Command to fill the brigade at 80 percent available strength overall and 75 percent senior grade before assumption of the RAF mission. CPT Pat Donelson is the brigade S-1. He just recently moved up to the brigade S-1 section from â€Å"The War Hawks.† He is a recognized self-starter and well respected in the brigade. Yesterday, he was discussing an inbound personnel printout with you and he had some specific concerns. One of the inbound lieutenants is a recent graduate of Ranger School; he wanted to know where we are going to put her since she arrives after your assumption of command. She is a logistics officer. He also mentioned, â€Å"We don’t need this kind of attention or problem, and this is going to be a big one. We have to put her somewhere she can’t mess up.† He also gave you a heads up about a rash of officer actions from some of the battalions. He said he just dropped off seven packets in Col Lank’s inbox of officers requesting release from active duty. He acknowledged it was not your problem yet but he wanted you to know. He also mentioned, based on discussions with the battalion adjutants at the last adjutant’s call, there would be more coming from the battalions. The brigade S2 is Major Pete Stanford. Major Stanford appears to be very confident and competent, but he seems overly conscientious about his recommendations since returning from Afghanistan. He has some good systems in place and has developed a good team. He works very hard to be on top of everything. LTC (P) Tagoli mentioned to you during one of your previous conversations â€Å"Stanford is over compensating. He feels responsible for the deaths of the brigade commander, CSM, and the battalion commander. He briefed the threat along the route at one of brigade updates. He just needs to get over it and move on.† In the last command and staff, Stanford voiced his concerns about the increasing trends of serious incidence reports and blotter incidents. He said, â€Å"I’ve checked with the other brigades and are our numbers are increasing and the other brigades are not.† Major Jeff Wilson is the brigade S4. The S4 section performed poorly during the last deployment. While Major Wilson appears to be a good officer who knows the technical aspects of supply and maintenance management, but appears to suffer from a lack of understanding of how to run his staff. Many of the brigade leaders view his section as lacking commitment to the ideas and direction of the brigade commander. The battalion commanders note that the S4 section can meet critical supply efforts to support operations, but struggles with the myriad of garrison procedures and associated requirements. The S4 section has conflict with the division G4 that has led to an adversarial relationship. The Soldiers in the section seem unmotivated and have a general lack of discipline across the group. Major Sean Springsteen, the brigade’s S6, appeared to be the least likely officer to complain about workload. However, last week after a particularly stressful staff meeting, you heard him discussing something with the XO. He commented, â€Å"Sir, I know you are busy, but I have to talk to someone. I am not sure how much more of this I can take. Nothing we do on this staff seems to be good enough and staffing actions never seem to get the time they deserve. We are not allowed to make routine decisions at our level, and it seems we jump from one crisis to another with no apparent direction. I thought when we returned from Afghanistan the pace would improve a bit, at least for a short while, and allow me to once again get acquainted with my family. It has been far from that! I even had my leave shortened to support the division command post exercise. A division CPX for crying out loud! We just returned from combat! We were told the division’s new staff needed to resolve some internal staffing procedures, so they scheduled an out-of-cycle training exercise. Given this division’s 24/7 mentality and helter-skelter attitude, I would almost rather be back in Afghanistan. At least there everyone knows they have to work 24/7 and no one really expects to know what will happen next. Plus, you don’t have the family wondering why daddy isn’t home. Even my wife, who basically ran the brigade’s family readiness group when we were deployed and is a very dedicated Army wife, is about to throw in the towel.† The ABCT Chaplain, (Major) Mike Cobb, came in this morning. He was on the brigade commander’s calendar and was bumped again, because â€Å"something important came up.† This is the fifth time. â€Å"I have had real trouble getting in to see him since we returned.† His frustration and concerns were apparent. He went on to say, â€Å"You think we have problems, you don’t know the half of it, the things I am hearing and seeing should be his priority.† Last week you witnessed an exchange at an ABCT command team meeting. The commander and sergeant major of one of the brigade’s combined arms battalions provided COL Lanks and CSM Ivor a detailed review of the effect of the installation’s â€Å"red cycle† on their unit training plans, receipt of equipment, execution of the reset of personnel and equipment, reestablish garrison systems, and leader and incoming Soldier training to address shortfalls identified in Afghanistan. The battalion commander stated, â€Å"We’re caught between a rock and a hard place because we tell Soldiers to reconnect with their families after being away for nine months, and then pile so many competing requirements on the plate they have to work until 1900 hours each night to meet suspenses. When you add on red-cycle taskings, the problem increases because you have fewer Soldiers to do the same amount of work. When I have to defer equipment turn-in for two weeks or keep Soldiers lat e telling them it is more important to guard motor pools and ranges than recover our equipment from war, we all lose credibility. Soldiers know the difference between activity to keep them alive, and make-work.† The battalion command sergeant major added, â€Å"This is worse than I’ve ever seen it. It seems we cannot catch a break on the ever-increasing extra duties and work details. When I mentioned this to the division command sergeant major at his last senior non-commissioned officer call, he dismissed me by saying, ‘we have had red cycles throughout my 26 years in the Army. They will always be here, so live with it. Quit complaining! You guys have been nothing but whiners since you returned from Afghanistan! The response of COL Lanks to both of his subordinate leaders was telling. â€Å"Look you are the commander, figure it out! Nothing is coming off the plate. Do not expect me or my sergeant major to plead your case with the division. This is life! Just get it done!† Your experiences with the officers in the brigade S3 section were positive. All appeared professional, cooperative, and well-motivated by LTC Robert Galvez. However, recent comments to you by two battalion S3s indicated a dictatorial side to the brigade S3. They mentioned Galvez’s unwillingness to consider new ways of approaching the diverse training needs brought by the reconfiguration. Moreover, Galvez indicated if they took their concerns to their battalion commanders (one of whom was fairly new) they would regret it. When you mentioned this to LTC (P) Tagoli, he responded, â€Å"Hell, that’s just Galvez flexing his muscle. His system works and there is no better brigade S3 in the division, and everyone knows it. Those battalion officers need to quit sniveling and get to work.† In a private conversation last week, command sergeant major Ivor mentioned, â€Å"I’m worried about my senior non-commissioned officers. They appear competent but I do not see any results from their work. They are sick and tired of the constant barrage of taskers and they don’t believe anything they do is making a difference. There is no priority, yesterday it was that, todays it’s this, tomorrow it will be something else. There appears to be little teamwork among them and their officers. When I ask them why they don’t speak up and get involved, they ask, ‘Why should I? Nothing ever comes of it. Our officers are only concerned about themselves, not the unit.’† As you moved throughout the brigade, you perceived an undercurrent of discussion that centers on potential incidents of sexual harassment within the brigade by an officer. The conversation centers around one of the â€Å"superstar† company commanders, CPT Seth Cooper. As a platoon leader, he was in charge of the personnel support detachment (PSD) for COL Lanks. After the deployment, COL Lanks placed CPT Cooper in command ahead of other senior captains waiting for command. The consensus from the officers, NCOs, and enlisted personnel with whom you spoke is CPT Cooper gets results and is popular with battalion and brigade leaders. Every battalion commander requested CPT Cooper be assigned to his or her battalion after the deployment. However, at least four individuals stated, â€Å"CPT Cooper really got around while he was on the PSD.† Another stated, â€Å"CPT Cooper had a girlfriend at every FOB.† When you mention what you heard to LTC (P) Tagoli he dismisses the issue by stating â€Å"CPT Cooper is very friendly, a real extrovert. Besides, the only person that mentioned anything approaching a complaint had a reputation of being pretty friendly herself so COL Lanks dismissed the allegation.† You also found out the ABCT is experiencing a growing trend in three other negative areas: domestic abuse, DUI, and divorces. The increases are across all battalions as well as the HQ. The reports are a strong indicator of the increased stress across the ABCT. While the ABCT commander put policies in place to ensure immediate reporting of both abuse and DUI cases, there is no plan for prevention. The organization seems to be in a react mode in these areas. Your discussions with the chaplain confirm the increase in divorces. He mentions to you the reason appears to be marital unfaithfulness during the last deployment and a continued operational tempo (OPTEMPO) that is causing the spouse at home to feel alone and without hope. He also indicates he believes most of the issues with infidelity are internal to the brigade, with a few cases among the senior members of the brigade staff that are still ongoing. COL Lanks’ response to the chaplain’s concern about these allegation s was simply, â€Å"Those are only rumors. Don’t bring me that stuff without proof!†Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, your informal conversations with friends within the division suggest the 4th gained a reputation in Afghanistan for being very â€Å"heavy-handed† in dealing with locals. While the characterization started during the initial relief-in-place/transition of authority, their behavior took a marked downturn after the death of the brigade command team and battalion commander. According to several sources outside the brigade, this approach appeared to inhibit the brigade’s ability to conduct host-nation responsibilities. One of your more trusted sources stated emphatically, â€Å"Tagoli’s negative attitude of the Afghans created a cancer among some within the brigade, and it’s still there. COL Lanks only made things worse with his hyperbole and forceoriented approach to the security in the ABCT area of operations. You need to be very careful.† The past few weeks have been a blur for you. You understand the brigade has undergone numerous changes and know significant challenges lie ahead. Fortunately, the information you received from historical records, CALL and CAL assessments, and conversations and observations with leaders throughout the brigade and division provided some much-needed information. You know there is not much time before the NTC rotation and the brigade assumes the RAF mission, and there are many unknowns associated with the mission. You are scheduled for a meeting with the division commander soon after your assumption of command to provide your assessment of the brigade’s status and to chart a course for the next few months. Your major concern is where to start. As you begin to reflect on the upcoming meeting with the division commander, you know you need to identify the significant challenges you see within the brigade, the processes you might use to improve the brigade, and how you will know you are successful in improving the brigade. You realize you should have this information available for the meeting with the division commander.

Why Is the Initial Consultation so Important What Factors...

Why is the initial consultation so important? What factors will an ethical therapist cover at this time? In this essay I will be exploring the various issues raised when a therapist initially meets a new client, including ascertaining personal circumstances and applying ethical and safe practise. I will also be looking at the importance of communication and understanding between client and practitioner. When a therapist first meets with a new client it’s necessary to establish several things in order to know whether they can work together. These include background and personal circumstances of the client, previous experiences (if any) of therapy, medical and psychiatric history and very importantly, why they are seeking therapy.†¦show more content†¦Active listening begins from the very first meeting and is very important that the client knows that you are hearing them and succinctly understanding what they’re saying, and also to allow the therapist to gather as much information as possible, clearly and fairly. This initial process will also serve to allow the cl ient to gain enough information about the practitioner that they feel comfortable and confident in their abilities to help them. This will be achieved through a combination of clear information given about the practise itself and the rapport and trust the client feels with the therapist. If there is no rapport or potential for a trusting relationship between the two, the therapy will be ineffective. It’s a therapist’s responsibility to know when they are not in a position to work with a client, for any reason. A therapist should conduct this initial process by ‘setting the scene’ for how future sessions will look and feel. This can be achieved by setting the room in a comfortable and professional way and, for example, establishing where the client will sit, for every session, to create familiarity and routine. The use of music or room scents is sometimes a preferred option of therapists, but is a personal choice and not necessarily always a good idea as in dividual people associate sounds and smells in different ways and this can not only predetermine a client’s feelings but couldShow MoreRelatedWhy Is the Initial Consultation so Important? What Factors Will an Ethical Therapist Cover at This Time?1999 Words   |  8 Pages968 â€Å" Why is the Initial Consultation so important? 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This is when we form our first impressions of people (and they of us), and when we are naturally most highly attuned toRead MoreWhy Is the Initial Consultation so Important? What Factors Will an Ethical Therapist Cover at This Time?1984 Words   |  8 Pages1892 Why is the initial consultation so important? What factors will an ethical therapist cover at this time? In this essay I will be looking at the purpose of the initial consultation, what happens during this meeting and why it is such an important time in the client/therapist relationship.   I will endeavour to cover as many of these issues as possible in order to illustrate the importance of this initial consultation and the factors that an ethically minded therapist should cover. TheRead MoreWhy is the initial consultation so important? What factors will an ethical therapist cover at this time?1986 Words   |  8 PagesIn this essay I will be discussing why an initial consultation in hypnotherapy is so important. I will be talking about the questions a hypnotherapist should ask their client and the ethical factors and contraindications the therapist should be looking out for. Whether a person is aiming to improve their self-esteem or reduce their anxiety the hypnotherapist will need to understand the client before proceeding with the therapy. I will show that an initial consultation is always a huge must beforeRead MoreWhy Is the Initial Consultation so Important? What Factors Will an Ethical Therapist Cover at This Time?1888 Words   |  8 PagesWhy is the initial consultation so important? What factors will an ethical therapist cover at this time? There are a multitude of factors that a therapist must consider during the initial consultation. I will describe the actual mechanics of the consultation, the ethical considerations facing the therapist and the particular challenges of the actual consultation itself. Before even meeting the client, it is vitally important to consider the role of the environment in the therapeutic spaceRead MoreWhy Is the Initial Consultation so Important? What Factors Will an Ethical Therapist Cover at This Time?2216 Words   |  9 PagesDuring this essay I will be discussing ethics and what ethical issues the therapist faces in relation to initial consultation with the client. What an initial consultation is and why it is so important that one is completed without exception. I will also explore what the process is, what happens at the initial consultation, and how the therapist will gather the required information. I also aim to explore what benefits and contra indications there are for having an initial consultation. AccordingRead Moreâ€Å"Why Is the Initial Consultation so Important? What Factors Will an Ethical Therapist Cover at This Time?2053 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Why is the initial consultation so important? What factors will an ethical therapist cover at this time? An initial consultation is ideally the first face to face meeting of the patient and therapist; it can vary in length but would usually last around half an hour. It is a fact finding exercise for both parties, it allows the patient to ask questions and the therapist to gather any relevant information to better evaluate the patient. Hypnotherapy is essentially described as an â€Å"interaction betweenRead MoreWhy Is the Inital Consultation so Important? What Factors Will an Ethicial Therapist Cover at This Time?2121 Words   |  9 PagesWhy is the initial consultation so important? What factors will an ethical therapist cover at this time? Introduction When a client first goes to a hypnotherapy appointment, the main reason why they are there is to receive help with a problem or issue that they would like to resolve. The very first hypnotherapy consultation is important for therapists to use this time to understand the client’s needs and make sure they have the best plan of action to help the client achieve their goal. In thisRead MoreHypnotherapy1788 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction For this assignment I am going to be looking at the process of the initial consultation when you first meet with your client and the importance of gaining the relevant information to be able to make an accurate diagnosis to be able to help the client. I will be discussing the importance of the initial consultation in understanding the client’s goals and targets. I will also look at the ethical factors we may come across. initial Consultation As part of our initial consultation it is importantRead MoreEssay 3 Why Is First Consultation So Important Submitted1930 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Module 3 Word Count 1909 Why is the initial consultation so important? What factors will an ethical therapist cover at this time? In this essay we are going to look at and discuss why the initial consultation is important and the factors that an ethical therapist should cover. So what should we expect to happen at an initial consultation? Firstly what would the therapist hope to glean from it? The first contact may be via telephone or face to face, what we initially trying to achieve is building

Theoretical Approach to Business Ethics of Prime Air Conditioning

Question: Discuss about the Theoretical Approach to Business Ethics of Prime Air Conditioning LLC. Answer: Theoretical Approach to Business Ethics Business ethics refers to the principles that are followed by people running a business. The fundamental reason for the formation of Prime Air Conditioning LLC is to make profits. However, as it carries out this objective, it should be mindful of all the stakeholders that are affected by the business operations (guide2dubai 2017). These include the customers, employees, investors, the community, suppliers, and shareholders (Cline 2017). Different theoretical concepts have been created about business ethics. A philosopher named Kant came up with a deontological approach towards ethics. This is also called duty based ethics. This approach aims to evaluate the motive leading to different actions in a bid to determine whether they are right or not. This approach does not focus on the results of the individual actions (Emelda 2011). However, it focuses on peoples obligation towards others and the environment based on morality. Therefore, regardless of how many people may benefit from a given action, the action should be not undertaken as long as it is unethical. Another approach is the teleological approach. It determines the moral standard of an action based on the consequences One theory in this category is the utilitarianism theory, associated with John Stuart and Jeremy Bentham. It is also referred to as result-oriented ethics. This argument relies on the principle that the end justifies the means. It mainly observes past experiences to predict the future better. This approach, therefore, allows for organizations to be unethical so long as the results of their activities will benefit the most stakeholders (Hunt Vitell 1986). There is yet another ethical system called virtual ethics. This system pays more attention to how to aid people to develop character traits that are positive as opposed to giving directions on which rules should be followed. In turn, the positive character traits enable individuals to make the right decisions. There is also need for individuals to get rid of their negative habits(vices) and develop new positive ones (Cline 2017). Absolute and Relative Ethics Absolute ethics refer to the moral practices that are universal and unchanging. They are objective and apply to all people equally regardless of changing situations. Relative ethics, on the other hand, refer to moral principles that can change with a change in circumstances. This type of ethics is subjective and depends on personal opinions and bias. Relativistic ethics is mainly seen due to religious and cultural differences (Donaldson 1996). Different business activities rely on absolute ethics and others on relative ethics. Incidentally, forced labor is not allowed anywhere in the world in this day and age. Child labor, on the other hand, is accepted in some locations such as some developing countries, and highly discouraged in others. Ethical Issues that could affect Business Operations in Prime Air Conditioning Industries LLC. Decisions taken by Prime Air Conditioning Industries LLC can be made by one person or a team of employees. Morality requires the employees to make ethical decisions. Though an ethical decision may lead to the loss of a short term profit, it may also result in sustainable results for the business in years to come. It is therefore up to employees of various organizations to act ethically. The owners of Prime Air Conditioning Industries LLC, however, have the greatest responsibility to show ethical practices. The working conditions provided for employees should be safe and conducive to work in. This is to minimize accidents and enable employees to be most productive. The company should not lead to environmental degradation. Waste should be properly disposed, and the company should use sustainable raw materials to avoid depleting natural resources. Business practices should also be carried out fairly. For instance, there should be no bribery or use of copyrighted materials unlawfully. Th ere should also be fair trade practices to bring about fair competition in the market and avoid monopolies or cartels (Gautschi, III Jones 1998). Finally, workers should also be fairly compensated for their work and their human rights should be observed and respected (Barnett et al. 1994). Impacts of Ethical Considerations on Business Objectives The company to be used in this analysis is Unibeton Ready Mix. Since the primary reason for the existence of many businesses is to make a profit, some turn to unethical business practices to achieve this objective. Other goals contribute to the achievement of this primary objective. It is, however, important to use both the deontological and teleological approaches when trying to achieve every goal (Bloomberg 2017). The business should strive to minimize manufacturing costs but not on the expense of their ethics. There may be unscrupulous suppliers who can provide raw materials at low prices. The business should not just purchase from them due to their low price. In case a harmful commodity is bringing in profits for the company, such as expired goods, the company should stop the sales even if that would bring in some losses. Improvement of product quality may come with additional costs that will lower the profit margins. However, Unibeton Ready Mix should strive to produce high-quality products that will bring in sustainable returns into the future. One supply chain may be more efficient than another, but it may be conducting unethical practices such as environmental pollution. Unibeton Ready Mix should not use that supply chain regardless of the low costs. It should, however, use a supply chain that carries out ethical practices because this will also be more sustainable and bring better returns in the long term. Therefore, businesses should look at the long term of different practices and not only go for short term gains such as profit increase, increased market share, and higher revenues. This long term view ensures that the business is sustainable and continues being a going concern into the future. Business Ethics about Stakeholders Unibeton Ready Mix has different stakeholders with different interests in the organization. Shareholders expect themanagement to run the organization in a way that increases profits for them to gain dividends as well as capital gains from the business. It is, however, unethical for themanagement to exploit customers for this gain.Management and employees expect salaries at the end of every month. They should be well compensated for to ensure that they remain ethical (Goodstein Wicks 2014). They should also be treated with respect and their rights protected. Customers should be provided with high-quality products at the right prices. Unibeton Ready Mix should conduct due diligence when sourcing for ethical suppliers and they should ensure that the products are quality and the companies should pay the suppliers on time. Banks are significant in business operations for expansion and growth by lending the businesses money. Unibeton Ready Mix should, therefore, be ethical when dealing wi th banks and deliver payments at the right time and in the right amounts (Cromwell 2017). Pressure groups are organizations that put pressure on businesses to be ethical by pointing out their wrong doings such as environmental pollution or employee exploitation. They should be treated ethically, and businesses, for instance, should not bribe them to turn a blind eye. Role of a Company Acting as a Moral Agent A moral agent is a person or entity that can act ethically. A company can be a moral agent because companies are expected to show corporate social responsibility in the way they relate to all their stakeholders. Unibeton Ready Mix is a business that is accountable for how its employees conduct themselves. If this company failed to conduct its activities ethically, it would face the risk of ruining its reputation as well as receiving penalties and fines from the regulatory officials. As a result, Unibeton Ready Mix company has to ensure that all its stakeholders including their shareholders, suppliers, investors, as well as its employees are ethical in all their dealings (Aupperle et al. 1985). Mechanisms for Achieving Employee Involvement and Empowerment at Unibeton Ready Mix Company. When employees are involved in different sectors of the business, they gain a sense of belonging and feel empowered to carry out their responsibilities in an ethical manner. Employees should not have just one particular task day in day out. This brings in the sense of monotony and demoralizes the employees because they do not see how their work is contributing to the overall success. They should, therefore, be allocated different tasks and be trained further to be able to handle the different responsibilities. They should also be involved in decision making by asking for their opinions and factoring in those that apply to the business. Employees should also be encouraged to be more creative and innovative to find better ways to do various activities or to come up with new goods and services (Mitchell Ronald et al. 1997). Employees should also be provided with clean and safe working conditions. This makes them feel valued by the organization, and it increases their morale to work hard and be more productive. The employers should also treat the employees with respect and not just as the helping hand. This makes the employees feel respected, and in turn, they feel empowered to be more ethical to ensure the business is a going concern in the future. Finally, meetings should frequently be held to remind employees of their ethical responsibilities and address any concerns they may have (Carroll Shabana 2010). Ethical Issues Affecting Port Operator DP and Other Companies About a month ago, a senior manager formerly working for Port Operator DP world was accused of soliciting bribes from two companies amounting to Dh 4,800,000. The bribe was to aid the companies to win massive construction projects. The defendant, a twenty-nine-year-old lady, was accused of demanding Dh 500,000 from the manager of a construction company. In return, she was to grant his company a building project in Jumeirah Heights (Amir 2017). The woman, who was Syrian, was additionally charged with asking for a bribe of Dh 4,350,000 from a manager of another company, who was Lebanese, to enable him to win a bid at Jebel Ali Port. In this case, the woman is charged with offering bribes while the company personnel is accused of offering bribes. All the defendants were further charged with forgery which was used to aid in winning the bidding project. There were more accusations of money laundering and the use of a different company to carry out the bribing process (Amir 2017). Ways in Which the Companies Can Improve Their Business Ethics Port Operator DP should first find out what the employees think about this case of unethical business practices. This is to ensure that the other employees in the company do not believe that the womans behavior was warranted. Port Operator DP and the other companies involved in this scandal should then organize sessions to teach their employees on ethics. This should include participation from employees to make them feel part and parcel of the process. Moreover, the owners should reward ethical employees to motivate them to do the right thing even when they are tempted to be unethical. Ethical Code A code of ethics should be put in place to ensure professionalism and make sure that the employee conduct is ethical. It also dictates how employees should make decisions and puts into consideration all stakeholders to an organization (Aupperle et al. 1985). Based on the incidence discussed above, three companies can give the following code of ethics. The ethical code expects of the following from all employees; To conduct themselves ethically and with integrity at all times. To form networks within the organization where they can consult when in doubt. To never discriminate fellow employees or colleagues based on any factors such as; race, gender, or religion. To never carry out business activities while posing as employees of the company for their interests. Therefore, it is important for every company to have a code of ethics that all stakeholders, mainly employees, are aware of to ensure that all activities they carry out are ethical and do not put the reputation in jeopardy. By maintaining ethical standards, the business is able to experience sustainable growth that will last for long. References Amir, S., 2017. Ex-Dubai port company manager on trial accused of cash for contracts. Aupperle, K.E., Carroll, A.B. Hatfield, J.D., 1985.an empirical examination of the relationship between corporate social responsibility and profitability. Academy ofManagement Journal, 28(2), pp.446463. Barnett, T., Bass, K. Brown, G., 1994. Ethical ideology and ethical judgment regarding ethical issues in business. Journal of Business Ethics, 13(6), pp.469480. Bloomberg, 2017. Unibeton Ready Mix L.L.C.: Private Company Information - Bloomberg. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot. Carroll, A.B. Shabana, K.M., 2010. The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review of Concepts, Research and Practice. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(1), pp.85105. Cline, A., 2017. 3 Types of Ethical Systems to Follow. Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/atheism-types-of-ethical-systems-4058406 Cromwell, J., 2017. What Ethical Responsibilities Does an Organization Have to a Different Stakeholder? Donaldson, T., 1996. Values in Tension:Ethics Away from Home. Available at: https://hbr.org/1996/09/values-in-tension-ethics-away-from-home Emelda, M., 2011. Difference Between Deontology and Teleology | Difference Between. Available at: https://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/politics/ideology- Gautschi, III, F.H. Jones, T.M., 1998. Enhancing the Ability of Business Students to Recognize Ethical Issues: An Empirical Assessment of the Effectiveness of a Course in Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(2), pp.205216. Goodstein, J. Wicks, A., 2014. Stakeholder Responsibility | Building an Ethical World. Available at: https://blogs.darden.virginia.edu/ethicalworld/2014/07/23/stakeholder-responsibility guide2dubai, 2017. Prime Air Conditioning Industires LLC Manufacturing Companies Dubai. Hunt, S.D. Vitell, S., 1986. A General Theory of Marketing Ethics. Journal of Macromarketing, 6(1), pp.516. Mitchell Ronald, Agle Bradley Wood Donna, 1997. TOWARD A THEORY OF STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION AND SALIENCE: PRINCPLE OF WHO AND WHAT REALLY COUNTS.

Why Good People Suffer free essay sample

Why do good people suffer or why do bad things happen to good people? † This question seems to be very common these days. It seems as though good people get the brunt of all suffering, while evil-doers enjoy life. But if we observe closely, we see that everyone undergoes suffering in some form. Keeping this in mind, our question becomes meaningless. Just because a person is good does not mean there would be no suffering in his/her life. But what do we mean by „good In Sanskrit, „sadhu? is the word used for a good person. Sadhu comes from the word „saadh? , meaning „to accomplish?. If we work for ourselves and achieve great things, there is nothing laudable about it, but if we help others to achieve their goals, then it is an accomplishment. If someone is good to you and you reciprocate, that is common courtesy. But if someone is harming you, and despite that you continue to wish that person well without expecting anything in return, it is real goodness. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Good People Suffer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A sadhu bathing in the river saw a drowning insect. He saved it from drowning and was stung in return. Again, the insect fell back into the river and the sadhu pulled it out of the water and placed it under a shady tree. On seeing this, a person asked the sadhu, â€Å"Why did you do that? † He replied, â€Å"The insect did not give up its nature, so why should I? † How can we achieve this goodness in our lives? To reach any target, we must first have a goal. Similarly, for achieving goodness, we must have a standard of goodness which is known to us, because only then can we rise up to the required levels. As long as we see differences in the world around us, true goodness will not manifest. This can be achieved only when we become aware of our oneness with others. An example will illustrate this point better. Every organ of my body is part of one whole. If the finger goes into the eye, there is instant forgiveness, because of the complete identification with the finger. Now that we know what is good, let us see what suffering is. Objective suffering befalls all people, good or bad. Situations leading to suffering could have their roots in past actions. Objectively, the existence of pain or any other physical handicap cannot be denied, but the degree of sorrow this leads to is entirely subjective. Riches or positions of power do not guarantee happiness. People become miserable over small matters. If a person claims that he is good and is suffering, while the dishonest person is flourishing, we can be very sure that the person is not good. For a good man, the real suffering is to do something against his convictions. Suppose a pure vegetarian is faced with a situation of remaining hungry or eating beef, the chances are that the former option would be more acceptable. All our spiritual practices cannot eliminate suffering, but they protect the mind and make suffering acceptable, just as on a rainy day, we cannot stop the rain, but can protect ourselves from getting wet with an umbrella. Bhagavan Krishna says, â€Å"A good person never suffers. † By some logic we feel that suffering and enjoyment is related to past actions. If we observe at the subtle level, we find immediate results of our actions. The moment a good thought enters our mind, we feel elation, and similarly a wicked thought causes agitation. Real suffering is when we lose our goodness. Compromising with goodness is the greatest suffering. Even though superficially it may appear that evil doers are flourishing, it should not be an excuse to compromise. The problem arises when one does not have an ideal or when one is not able to live up to one? s ideal. But the greatest problem is when one believes that the ideal is not worth living up to and has lost its utility. Remember, a good man will stand by his convictions, because â€Å"If you do not stand for something, you will fall for everything. †

Bahamas Essay Research Paper While on vacation free essay sample

Bahamas Essay, Research Paper While on holiday on The Disney Cruise, I, along with my household took a circuit by boat to a little resort island. As we approached, I was awestruck by its beauty. I knew this was traveling to be fun, but had no thought that this topographic point would be everlastingly etched in my head. Two indigens dressed in brilliantly colored tropical shirts, white bloomerss and places greeted us at the dock. They were besides have oning smilings merely as bright. They escorted us to an alfresco type eating house with a thatched roof that was really attached to the wharf at which we docked The eating house had a insouciant ambiance that made us experience really comfy. The nutrient was served buffet manner, with an elegant array of Bahamian and American culinary art. The amusement during and after the counter was delicious. A 10 minute debut to the Bahamian civilization was followed by an challenging native dance, performed by a adult male dressed in an reliable looking costume consisting of merely a rawhide G-string with a short apron forepart. We will write a custom essay sample on Bahamas Essay Research Paper While on vacation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His sandals had leather cords weaving halfway up his legs. This dance depicted a narrative of a huntsman and his quarry. A adult female who was besides in costume narrated it. Brightly dressed Bahamian work forces were crushing membranophones and slaming sticks supplying the sound effects for the narrative. This was genuinely a great beginning to a fantastic afternoon. Behind the eating house was a private beach country, accessible by walking trails merely. We walked one of these trails, detecting the brilliantly coloured tropical workss and trees that flourished on this well maintained terrain. A beautiful laguna added to the luster, and when we reached the terminal, a sentinel provided a birds-eye position of the full bay. What a breathtaking sight! There was a saloon here, and after a cool drink we decided to head back. We took a different trail dorsum that brought us right to the littorals. In forepart of us, approximately 150 pess was the beach. It was 90 grades and the Bahamian Sun made the sand hot under our pess. However, a soft zephyr kept us comfy otherwise. On the beach we rented a cabana, which is little more than a thatched umbrella, table and beach chairs, and a knoll. There, we sat and enjoyed one of those large tropical drinks that have fruit on the border of the glass and a little umbrella of its ain. Gazing out into the bay from my knoll, was perchance the most calm feeling I have had in all my life. There were many people around and they were doing plentifulness of noise, but my head was absorbed with the natural beauty of this topographic point. It was like none that I had of all time seen before. Looking across the bay towards the mainland, with all its bunco and hustle, I felt as if I had found paradise. I had been to the ocean before, but merely in the U.S. , and neer to a bay. Bay Waterss are much calmer, and hence much clearer-so clear, in fact, that at a deepness of six pess I was able to see a penny. The colour of the H2O is besides surprisingly different from ocean H2O. The strength of the bluish colour is about fluorescent. After we rested, we decided it was clip to acquire wet, so we donned our snorkeling cogwheel and entered the warm H2O. I had neer snorkeled earlier, but it wasn # 8217 ; t long before I felt comfy. Most of our experience was in really shallow H2O and I don # 8217 ; t believe it was of all time necessary to travel down more than 10 pess. The fish didn # 8217 ; t seem to be bothered by our presence, and although I don # 8217 ; t cognize what sort they were, I touched two of them, and there reaction was merely to toss their tail. About 40 pess out from the beach it was still merely approximately seven or eight pess deep, and that # 8217 ; s where the coral appeared. This is something that no telecasting or picture could make justness to. The graphic colourss of the coral alone were adequate to do this whole trip worth while. There were many different types of fish, most of them with vibrant colourss, changing in size from a silver dollar, to a pes or more in length. The seawater fi sh in pet shops, are the same vibrant colourss that I am speaking about. Bing in the H2O with these animals of beauty that welcome your presence is something that needs to be experienced to appreciate. Wading back towards shore, I have to state I was sorry that this portion of the twenty-four hours was over. Back on the beach, a horn signaled the demand to fix for the trip across the bay. Fortunately, the boat that came to pick us up was non the same as the boat that dropped us off. This one had a glass underside that enabled the riders to detect everything beneath the boat. There was an experient frogman who was a portion of the amusement. He dived under the boat, and as we watched in awe, he grabbed the tail of a seven pes shark, drawing himself near plenty to the shark? s caput to be bitten, and he so began to pet the shark as if it were merely a puppy. Once on shore we headed back to our ship merely in clip to see yet another luster, a Bahamian sundown! We made our manner to the top deck of the ship, so that we could acquire a birds-eye position. The rainbow of colourss in the sky were more than you could see in any picture, no affair who the creative person. There were chromaticities of Prunus persica to deep orange, pale pink to deep fuchsia and purple. Gold was entwined throughout, and the Sun itself was like a ball of fire. The colourss kept altering, as if an creative person was continually seeking to better on its beauty. The sundown lasted about 20 proceedingss, but the colourful runs in the sky remained graphic for another 30 minutes. I have neer seen a brilliant sundown like this of all time earlier. I have seen many beautiful topographic points, but none have made as profound an feeling on me as that small island in the Bahamas. If it were possible I would travel on holiday here every opportunity I got. But I will decidedly come here with my ain household in the old ages to come. 315

The Extent To Which Sustainable Development Tourism Essays

The Extent To Which Sustainable Development Tourism Essays The Extent To Which Sustainable Development Tourism Essay The Extent To Which Sustainable Development Tourism Essay The term Sustainability can be described as a province in which world is populating within the transporting capacity of the Earth. This means that the Earth has the capacity to suit the demands of bing populations in a sustainable manner and is hence besides able to supply for future coevalss. Humankind is nowadays confronting the fact that it has exceeded the Earth s carrying capacity with its intensive industrial activities, pollution, and resource development ( Rene. v. Schomberg ) . This means we must do strong and conjunct displacement of development in way where Earth can prolong humankind demands. This conjunct and incorporate action and alteration of way can be referred to as sustainable development. Changes and incorporate action can be foremost applied on micro flat sectors like excavation industries, where cumulative effects of such little alterations can give really good consequences, in footings of sustainable development, ( Rene. v. Schomberg ) . The Brundtland Commission s ( 1987 ) vision of sustainable development is meant to run into the demands of the present coevals without sabotaging the capacity of future coevalss to run into their demands. Sustainable development can be looked at as a procedure ; this procedure involves the economic, societal and cultural facets of world every bit good as the environmental wellness of the planet, ( Brundtland, 1987 ) . This study is to lucubrate on the Mining and Minerals sector, how Sustainable development can be applied to the sector to face present challenges. Challenges in the Sector In the past decennary, the excavation and minerals industry has come under enormous force per unit area to better its societal, developmental, and environmental public presentation, ( Maja mitich ) . Like other parts of the corporate universe, companies are more routinely expected to execute to of all time higher criterions of behavior, traveling good beyond accomplishing the best rate of return for stockholders. They are besides progressively being asked to be more crystalline and capable to third-party audit or reappraisal. In response, a figure of companies, either independently or with other histrions, is set uping voluntary criterions that frequently go beyond any jurisprudence. But even so, some perceivers remain fishy that many concerns are simply prosecuting in public dealingss exercisings and doubt their earnestness. In peculiar, the industry has been neglecting to convert some of its constituencies and stakeholders that it needfully has the social license to run in many countries of the universe. Despite the industry s undoubted importance in run intoing the demand for minerals and its important parts to economic and societal development, concerns about facets of its public presentation prevail. Mining refinement, and the usage and disposal of minerals have in some cases led to important local environmental and societal harm, ( Cronje et al. , 2005 ) . It is non ever clear that mining brings economic and societal benefits to the host states, as the minerals sector sometimes operates where there is hapless administration, including corruptness, ( G.J. Coakley, 1999 ) . In some instances, communities and autochthonal groups near or around mines allege human rights maltreatments. Many states and communities depend on minerals production as a beginning of income and a agency of development. And with turning trade liberalisation and denationalization, much of the investing in minerals geographic expedition and production has turned to developing and passage states. Mining is of import in 51 developing states accounting for 15-50 % of exports in 30 states and 5-15 % of exports in a farther 18 states, and being of import domestically in 3 other states. About 3.5 billion people live in these states, with approximately 1.5 billion populating on less than US $ 2 per twenty-four hours, ( World Bank, 2002 ) . Minerals development can make many chances, including occupations, a transportation of accomplishments and engineering, and the development of local substructure and services. However, there is sometimes a deficiency of capacity, cognition, and inducements to turn investing into development. The industry has generated wealth in direct and indirect ways but, it is alleged, there is a mismatch of chances and jobs the wealth frequently being enjoyed far from the communities and environments that feel the inauspicious impacts. Sustainable development aims A reappraisal of literatures on sustainability suggests that sustainability can be described in footings of societal, economic and environmental provinces that are required in order for overall sustainability to be achieved. The World Summit on Sustainable Development ( WSSD ) ( 2002 ) Plan of Implementation provides scope of sustainable development aims that should be aimed in order to accomplish sustainability. Environmental Sustainable Development Aims: Size, productiveness and biodiversity: Ensure that development conserves or increased the size, biodiversity and productiveness of the biophysical environment. Resource direction: Ensure that development supports the direction of the biophysical environment. Resource extraction and processing: Ensure that development minimizes the usage of support of environmentally damaging resource extraction and processing patterns. Waste and pollution: Ensure that development manages the production of waste to guarantee that this does non do environmental harm. Water: Ensure that development manages extraction, ingestion and disposal of H2O in order non to adversely impact the biophysical environment. Energy: Ensure that development manages the extraction and ingestion of resources in order non to adversely affect natural systems, ( Rene v. Schomberg ) . Economic Sustainable Development Aims: Vol. 3, No. 1 Journal of Sustainable Development, ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ccsenet.org/jsd ) : Employment and self-employment: Ensure that development supports increased entree to employment and supports self-employment and the development of little endeavors. Efficiency and effectivity: Ensure that development ( including engineering specified ) is designed and managed to be extremely efficient and effectual, accomplishing high productiveness degree with few resources and limited waste and pollution. Autochthonal cognition and engineering: Ensure that development takes into history and draws on, where appropriate, autochthonal cognition and engineering. Sustainable accounting: Ensure that development is based on a scientific attack that takes in to account, and is formed by, societal, environmental and economic impacts. An enabling environment: Develop an enabling environment for sustainable development including the development of transparent, just, supportive policies, procedures and frontward planning. Small-scale, local and diverse economic systems: Ensure that development supports development of small-scale, local and diverse economic systems, ( Gibberd, 2005 ) . Social Sustainable Development Aims: Entree: Ensures that development supports increased entree to land, equal shelter, finance, information, public service, engineering and communications where this is needed. Education: Ensure that development improves degrees of instruction and consciousness, including consciousness of sustainable development. Inclusive: Ensure that development processes, and benefits, are inclusive. Health, Safety and Security: Ensure that development considers human rights and supports improved wellness, safety and security. Engagement: Ensure that development supports interaction, partnerships which must be influenced by the people that it affects. This description provides simple definitions for sustainability and sustainable development. A utile facet of the definition is that it provides both an ultimate province that must be strived for a crestless wave set of actions or aims, which if addressed and implemented, will take towards sustainable development, ( Gibberd, 2005 ) . Sustainable Development Framework for the Minerals and Mining Sector Using the construct of sustainable development to the minerals sector does non intend doing one mine after another sustainable . The challenge of the sustainable development model is to see that the minerals sector as a whole contributes to human public assistance and wellbeing today without cut downing the potency for future coevalss to make the same. Thus the attack has to be both comprehensive taking into history the whole minerals system and frontward looking, puting out long-run every bit good as short term aims, ( Bronze Award Essay ) . Traveling from the construct of sustainable development to action requires: a robust model based on an in agreement set of wide rules ; an apprehension of the cardinal challenges and restraints confronting the sector at different degrees and in different parts and the actions needed to run into or get the better of them, along with the several functions and duties of histrions in the sector ; a procedure for reacting to these challenges that respects the rights and involvements of all those involved, to be able to put precedences, and ensures that action is taken at the appropriate degree an incorporate set of establishments and policy instruments to guarantee minimal criterions of conformity every bit good as responsible voluntary actions ; and verifiable steps to measure advancement and surrogate consistent betterment. If the minerals sector is to lend positively to sustainable development, it needs to show uninterrupted betterment of its societal, economic, and environmental part, with new and evolving administration systems. The sector needs a model within which it should judge and prosecute any development. Achieving Success in the Sector One of the cardinal factors for sustainability in this sector is change, a alteration that can merely be realised when all stakeholders are committed in implementing the model for sustainable development. I n other to ease seting sustainable development into pattern in the excavation and minerals sector, policy shapers need to choose a mixture of rules from the sustainable development model outlined above which requires histrions in the minerals sector to be publically committed to explicit and well-understood ends and aims. Leadership from the top is a must, as is the demand to guarantee that all employees understand what sustainable development entails. This is necessary non merely for companies but besides for authorities ministries and sections at all degrees, every bit good as labor, civil society organisations, and host communities, ( Dr. Sekou Conde ) . Decision The construct of sustainable development is non new for it brings together thoughts from a long history of human development into one common model. This is going an progressively of import usher and justice for many histrions whether from authorities, industry, or civil society. There is small disagreement about the wide rules contained in the model, although different groups and persons accord different precedences to the assorted domains economic, environmental, societal, and administration depending on their involvements and their degree of understanding and execution. These precedences will find the waies of action for execution of the rules. The differences do non take away from the high degree vision of sustainable development, which allows for different iterative and of all time bettering attacks. For betterment these actions has to be enforced: Consistency with the sustainable development model ; Continuous and clearly defined aims and inducements to alter towards better pattern ; SMART particular, monitorable, accomplishable, realistic, and time-bound attack ; Enforcing higher degrees of trust and cooperation ; and, Where possible, built on bing constructions and establishments. In many ways the image today is already more positive than it was some decennaries ago. There remains much to be done in bettering the sector s part to all facets of sustainable development. Furthermore, the largest companies and their newest operations at least are now being held to higher criterions. Indeed, the best excavation operations are now in the sustainable development vanguard non simply in front of what local ordinances demand, but accomplishing higher societal and environmental criterions than many other industrial endeavors.

Online Banking Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Online Banking - Research Proposal Example Several studies have been conducted to with an aim of showing trends in the adoption of internet banking among adults and different geographic areas. Online banking services and products include both wholesale and retail products. Wholesale products are generally meant for corporate customers while retail and fiduciary products are meant for consumers. Online banking has become a popular and safe way for individuals, institutions and organizations to stay connected with their bank accounts. Online banking is mostly preferred above over-the-counter-banking since it is cheap and it offers the flexibility that is desired by clients (Hossein, 2004). It however also remains a high-risk subject considering that frauds are more easily conducted online and over remote distances than when banking activities are conducted offline. While several studies have been conducted on online banking, there is a clear gap that needs to be filled; how do different gender relate to internet banking. This study is therefore aimed at finding how different sexes respond to online banking. Of great interest is the ratio of online banking users in terms of gender, the specific services that are preferred by each sex and for what reasons other services are not preferred. Today's internet banking has succeeded distance banking services that were conducted electronically during the early 80s. The term online banking was commonly adapted inn the late 1980s to refer to the use of keyboard, monitor and a terminal to access the electronic banking system using a phone line. It was in New York in 1981 that online banking services began. The city's major banks Chase Manhattan, Citibank, Manufacturers and Chemical offered home banking services by use of the videotext system. United Kingdom's first online banking service was established by NBS (Nottingham Building Society) in 1983. The online system was based on the Prestel system, a television set, a computer and a telephone system. The system allowed viewing of statements online, bill payments, and bank transfers (John, Levine & Carol, 2007). In order for bill payment and bank transfers to be effected, written instructions had to be first sent to the NBS who then updated the Homelink system of the intended transaction. Many banks today offer secure, fully functional internet banking for a small fee or sometimes even free of charge. As online banking

European Union Law Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

European Union Law Master - Essay Example For example, EU law provides that no Council decision can be binding and executory unless it was voted by two-thirds of the Council membership. This paper discusses the conflicts often engendered by acts of the Council that have not been introduced into the national laws of member states, as well as the integrity and applicability of its decisions. In so doing, the paper presents two case scenarios involving consumer welfare and fair trade promotion as embodied in acts of the Council that run into controversy. The European Council, seeking to bolster consumer protection laws in member states, adopted a directive on May 1, 2005 granting consumers the right to cancel any mail-order purchase of goods or services if done within 15 days of placement. Within seven days upon receipt of such notice, the supplier shall make a full refund of the contract price to the consumer, minus a reasonable amount for administrative and handling costs. EU member states were enjoined to implement the directive by May 1, 2007, but UK dragged its feet on the measure and was yet to incorporate this Directive into its national laws until July 5, 2007. On this exact date, Brighton businesswoman Christina ordered a new computer system from Avalon Computers Ltd., a mail-order firm in Reading specializing in computer equipment for professional graphics design. After making the full payment of 3,000 pounds, the equipment was delivered to Christina's shop a few days later. A day after delivery, however, Christina lost he r American clients who had specified new designs that required the new computer system. Without these clients, the equipment was hardly needed by Christina's design studio so she faxed Avalon for a return of the computer, which was still crated and untouched. Avalon denied the request, indicating that there is a UK law allowing the no-return policy on the purchase of goods.Problem Question: If asked to prepare a brief on Christina's problem, how would you help her obtain a refund In the event a UK court declines to hear the case, where else could she go for redress Would the complexion of the case be different if the directive were a regulation insteadAnswer: In 6/64 Costa v ENEL (1964) ECR 585, the ECJ observed that the "Treaty has created it own legal system, which becomes part of the legal system of each member state and which their courts are bound to apply." This fulfills the direct effect principle in EU law, which means that the Council directive applies to Avalon although is yet to be implemented in UK. The new EU Constitution says that the EC law, whether of general or specific application, must prevail over any national law and that even in cases of conflict, the national law must be adjusted to conform to the EC law (Craig & De Burca, 20003). The implications are that coverage of EC law does not distinguish between direct and indirect effects in regard to individual European citizens, such that they can avail of the EC law's provisions to complain against any violation. The same ruling was laid down in Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional: "In applying national

Mobile Computing and Social Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Mobile Computing and Social Networks - Essay Example In addition to this, these applications effectively upload to a specific processing server without the use of any desktop system and application. These applications have several benefits realized by the users due to the ability to get access to the individual data and information through mobile applications. There are several challenges too that have been addressed in this essay. Run of mobile applications in small screen-sized mobile can be considered as real challenge. There are several mobile platforms, such as iPhone, Windows Phone, Android and iPad. This essay has described useful methods, which can be utilized to decide that which of these platforms are supportable. It is true that mobile application generally requires high availability aspect as the users significantly need to have continuous conflict free access to IS and IT systems. Therefore, it is important to identify and implement the ways of ensuring high availability aspect. It is true that, hacking of mobile devices has become a significant challenge. Therefore, the essay has described the methods to make the existing mobile devices more secure. Geo-location technology can be considered as one of the most significant trends in the field of social networking. It helps an individual to address the location of other intended individuals. It also helps people to locate popular places or institutions close to the physical location of an individual. Now-a-days, people are able to rebuke the locations on their mobile devices and Smartphone without the help of a desktop system or application to pull up Google maps or MapQuest in order to get directions to required addresses or places. People generally find addresses through the use of these apps on desktop and print outs. But, now these can be avoided due to availability of Smartphone, which can help individuals to find exact location and people can carry this Smartphone with them. Geo-location data also reveals important

What Were The Characteristics Of Reaganomics Economics Essay

What Were The Characteristics Of Reaganomics Economics Essay The basis for Reaganomics can be traced back to the late 1960s and 1970s when after two decades of steady growth and very low inflation the US economy suffered from exceptionally high inflation along with a very slow growth rate, a phenomena that became known as Stagflation. The continuously high unemployment rates throughout the 1970s were another feature of stagflation. This was caused by a number of different factors namely the failure of the dominant post-war Keynesian policies to deal with the rising inflation and unemployment which primarily were focused on the demand management side of economics through expansionary fiscal and monetary policies. Furthermore the Keynesian belief that unemployment and inflation were mutually exclusive based on the Phillips Curve led to persistent efforts to promote artificially low levels of unemployment through increasing government spending and establishing price controls which worsened the soaring inflation rates. In addition to the Keynesians failures to deal with the domestic issues the US economy faced competition from industrial and developed countries such as Britain, France, Germany and Japan for the first time since the end of second world war. The US benefited from massive expansion of its economy during and after the war years whilst other nations suffered from substantial damages to their infrastructures. However by the mid 1960s the European and Japans economies had recovered and had developed technologically more advance and productive economies compared to America. During the period 1950 to 1973, fixed capital stock in the United States grew at an annual rate of 2.9% a rate that would prove impossible to achieve once stagflation dominated the economy. In contrast, Britain, Germany, Japan and France had annual average growth rates in capital stock of 4%, 6.1%, 7.6% and 4.5%, respectively (Marc Eisner , 1995). As well as increased international competition the external shocks to th e US economy in the 1970s such as the oil crisis of 1973 where price of oil quadrupled, along with higher commodities prices caused an even greater pressure on price levels. The economic and social difficulties caused by the combinations of these factors led to a major demand for a shift in economic policies and was the main promise of Ronald Reagans 1980 election campaign. In February 1981 the new administration revealed its Program for Economic Recovery. This program was based on a mixture of different theories namely Monetarism which calls for the Federal Reserve to limit the growth of the money supply in order to curb inflation and Supply Side policies that require a reduction in taxes to increase the incentive to work, save and invest. (John Palmer 1982). These became to be known as Reaganomics and its basic elements were; controlling inflation by restricting the supply of money, reducing income and capital gains marginal tax rates, reducing regulation and intervention in markets and reducing government expenditure whilst increasing defence spending. The objective of Reaganomics was relatively clear, it was designed to increase saving and investment s which combined with deregulation and having healthier markets would lead to a higher economic growth. Reducing government expenditure and controlling the supply of money was assumed to not only bring inflation down but also to reduce the ever increasing government deficit. The success of the program largely depended on the success of all of its individual elements. The administration believed by restricting the supply of money, the rate of increase of total spending in the economy, nominal GNP would go down and this was a necessary condition for reducing inflation. In order to curb inflation and spending whilst reducing unemployment at the same time there had to be a degree of control over inflationary expectations and a significant rise in productivity to counter the rise of labour costs. The administrations commitment to monetary control and balancing the federal budget would help to correct the inflationary expectations whilst the increase in productivity would be achieved by the increase of nations savings to encourage private and productivity-raising investments as a result of tax cuts and elimination of government deficit. Furthermore the stimulus to productivity and production resulting from such tax cuts would increase the national income which in turn would offset the revenue loss that lower tax rates cause. (Herbert Stein, 1988) Thus the failure of any individual element of the program would lead to the collapse of the whole program or at the very least significantly reduce its desired effect on the economy. Restoring price stability by curbing inflation therefore was one of the major priorities of the Economic Recovery Program. This was based on the monetarist view that a steady reduction in money supply growth whilst managing inflationary expectations effectively would be the best way to reduce inflation. The Reagan administration hoped to achieved this without causing a painful transition period of high unemployment and loss of output therefore it was essential for businesses, workers and investors to fully have confidence in governments ability to succeed and thus react accordingly. Although neo-Keynesians argued monetary restrain would almost certainly lead to a further increase in unemployment and would push the economy into a recession as prices and wages are sticky or sluggish and relatively unresponsive to monetary policies in the short run. (32) However according to the Rational Expectations school of thought individuals would realise and anticipate the benefits of a well adver tised monetary policy and would be willing to accept lower wages and prices for their goods and services and hence would avoid any unpleasant consequence of a drop in output levels. (31). The administration believed the war against inflation would be relatively short and pain free. Thus the Federal Reserve under the leadership of Paul Volcker attempted to decrease inflation rates by controlling the adjusted monetary base which is the total amount of currency in circulation or in the commercial banks deposits in the Federal Reserve. This was done by controlling the reserves supplies to the banking system through the Federal Reserves purchases and sales of government securities and the amount it required banks to maintain in reserves against their deposits. The Federal Reserve also controlled -albeit to a lesser extent- the money supply especially the narrower form of money (i.e. M1) such as currency and checkable deposits. (R.E) As a consequence the inflation fell from its double digits peak in 1980 to below 4% by the summer of 1982, however this success in curbing the inflation had a devastating impact on the economy. The tight credit control led to further increases in interest rates as investment fell. The gross national product fell by more than 2.5% whilst unemployment rates peaked at 11% in 1982. It seemed clear Reagans ambitious plans to reduce inflation and maintain a healthy economic growth simultaneously had failed. (State Blue book). Although by July 1982 the Federal Reserve eased up its tight grip on the money supply and the expansionary fiscal policies by the administration led to the recovery from the recession. The economy grew by 6.8% by 1984 with unemployment figures dropping to 7.4% first and then to 5.4% in 1988 whilst the GNP also increased, standing at 4.5%. Inflation remained low for the remainder of Reagans administration dropping to as low as 1.1% in 1986 before standing at around 4% towards the end of the decade. However despite this positive economic figures its important to take into account the external factors that created a far more favourable economic environment throughout the 1980s compared to the previous decade. The main cause of inflation in the late 1970s was the high food and energy prices partly caused by the oil crisis of the 1973 and the Energy crisis of 1979 (in the wake of the Iranian revolution) however as a result of the sharp decrease in demand for oil in developed countries and the virtual collapse of OPEC, the oil prices decreased by two third between 1980 and 1985. (state source). Moreover expansionary fiscal policies such as federal subsidies for farmers and an inflated dollar despite having a negative impact on the budget deficit, contributed to price stabilisation as food prices fall and imports became cheaper. the collapse of OPEC, food surpluses, the debt inflated dollar and measurement corrections in the role of home ownership sots in calculating the Consumer Pri ce Index accounted for 52.3% of the reduction in inflation with the remainder attributable to the rescission induced unemployment rates. (end with a conclusive sentence?). Balancing the budget was another top priority of the Reagans administration however throughout his two term as president the deficit continued to grow as a result of the loss in government revenue caused by the Economy Recovery Tax Act of 1981 and the largest peace time defence spending since the Second World War. (Midterm report). The deficit that was under 35% of the GDP in 1980 had increased to over 55% of the GDP by the end of the decade. The idea that having an unbalanced budget would have damaging consequences for the economy was another monetarist element of the Reagans administration. This was a clear rejection of the Keynesian view that stated the government could stimulate the economy by increasing its deficit which in turn allows it to increase expenditure and investment in the private sector resulting in an increase in aggregate demand, total output and employment levels as long as the economy isnt performing at its maximum capacity hence outweighing the costs of financin g the deficit. In contrast the monetarist insisted on the need for a balanced budget claiming that even though government on one hand could give money to people through higher expenditure it would have to take an equal or higher amount back to finance its debts. The administration therefore attempted to decrease the deficit and eventually balance the budget by as early as 1984.It intended to do this by reducing government expenditure as a percentage of the GDP from 23% to 19.5%. (industrial book) In its Program for Economic Recovery it introduced substantial cuts in state aid programs such as Medicaid, food and nutrition programs, extended unemployment benefits and housing assistance whilst reducing subsidies for new energy technologies, public service employment and student aids. (Mid term). Although the effectiveness of such cuts in expenditure and the target of balancing the budget by 1984 turned out to be extremely optimist and unrealistic. The administration failed to achieve its objective mainly because of its inconsistent policies. For instance whilst trying to reduce the deficit it introduced the Economic Recovery Tax Act in the summer of 1981 reducing marginal income tax rates by 25% causing a major loss of revenue for the governmen t. The administration argued such revenue loss would be offset by a rise in savings, investments and output levels however as the economy entered a recession in 1981 mainly due to its tight monetary policy the deficit continued to rise. Furthermore the government increased defence spending steadily throughout the decade, in 1982 the defence budget rose by $7.3b and later by $33.1 in 1986. (R.E). The governments failure to reduce its deficit had severe consequences for the economy especially during the 81-82 recession. The major problem with the deficit was the financial cost of financing the debt itself, this was estimated to be close to $184.2b or 14.7% of the budget in 1990. (s.bb) The administration attempted to raise funds by selling securities such as government bounds which due to their secure nature and high rates of return attracted investors and capital. However this had a negative knock on effect on the economy too since by extracting billions of dollars per year from the national saving pool which had already been in decline since the 1950s (shrinking to 2.4% of GDP in 1988 from 7.8% in the 1970s) the government took away scarce capital from the private sector leading to the crowding out phenomena. This is when the government and the private sector compete for the same limited capital available in the market hence causing a reduction in the expansion of businesses and firms. This loss of capital further translates into higher interest rates and lower levels of investment which in turn leads to a loss of competitiveness and reduction in the output levels, subsequently increasing unemployment and pushing the economy deeper into the recession. Overall it had quickly become apparent that the administrations goal of balancing the budget was clearly unrealistic. Despite its desire to reduce the deficit the introduction of tax reductions and increasing the defence spending more than offset any gains made from the cutbacks in the federal expenditure. The centrepiece of Reagans tax cuts was the Economic Recovery Act signed into law in 1981.