Research summary Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary - Research Paper Example Vascular lesion is considered as its leading cause, but scholars believe that trauma and tumors may also result in AOS. In AOS, there is loss of control in articulation resulting in reduced ability to sequence, time and coordinate the phonemes that lead to speech errors. The articulation is disrupted due to damage in central nervous system. It is characterized by persistent dysprosody or speech having abnormal rhythm, stress and intonation with repeated utterances in order to become articulate. It is often confused with Aphasia or conduction aphasia and Dysarthria. While Aphasia highlights language deficit and cannot select correct phonemes but has speech continuity, AOS uses correct phonemes but cannot articulate due to motor deficiency and therefore, speech is halting and repetitive. On the other hand, Dysarthria affects articulation due to muscle impairment while AOS has linguistic error is due to lack of motor control. There is more than one type of AOS as defined by the damages in different part of brain. The treatment is often focused on speech articulation therapy that is designed to improve intonation and stress through repetition of words and speech sound. Augmentative devices and alternative means like gestures, drawing, writing etc. are used for severe AOS patients. The research shows that efficacy of treatment mainly relies on experimental designs as per the needs of the patients. The study is hugely significant because it has helped to distinguish it from the various other forms of speech disorders. Most importantly, clear diagnosis has helped clinicians to address its intervention techniques. I strongly believe that the paper encourages more in depth study of the subject so that new variant of AOS could be identified. AOS is complex in its characterization and causes. As such, it necessitates early deduction so that patients can use appropriate intervention to bring under control the

Sensory Perceptions Essay Example for Free

Sensory Perceptions Essay â€Å"The brain, a complex structure, allows a human being to perceive and react to their environment, contemplate the big questions, and experience a myriad of emotions. The brain controls the body and maintains the delicate internal balance needed to sustain life† (Smith, 2010). If fortunate enough, we humans all have five senses: vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. All of these senses that we have, work together to give us a conscientious picture of the world and where we belong in it. The statement, â€Å"There is nothing in the mind unless it is first in the senses† (Kirby Goodpaster, pg. 54), means, that our brain would be empty without our senses. Our senses consolidate to make us understand who we are, where we are, and what is happening around us. Because our brain feeds and processes information about our five senses, we put meaning to our sensory experiences, thus, we are able to respond and behave accordingly. We rely on accurate observations. Our senses prove its accuracy on a daily basis and â€Å"act as our lenses, amplifiers, particle detectors, and pressure and heat gauges† (Kirby Goodpaster, pg. 54). Our vision allows us to be aware so we can stop at red lights, wait for cars to pass, and know when it is safe to walk across the street. Hearing is another powerful sense that we use to listen to words, is crucial in communication, and is interactive with our thinking. When we hear a very loud noise close to us, we become startled and our senses might kick in and tell us to be aware of our surroundings. The touch sensory is circulated throughout our body. When we feel heat on a pan on the stove, our senses alert us to the danger of being burnt, and we proceed with caution before receiving further injury. Smelling uses the noise that sends sensations to the brain. When we smell smoke, we instinctively know there is a fire or something is burning. Then our sense sends a message to our brain that we need to take care of the problem or leave if it is too dangerous. â€Å"Our senses feed our brain much as food feeds our body; without their input, our brain would be almost empty†Ã‚  (Kirby Goodpaster, pg. 54). I believe that our senses, in most cases, are accurate. There are elements in life such as being sick or sleep deprived, that may distort the accuracy of our sensory perceptions temporarily, but in most cases they are accurate and the information they provide us with is essential in establishing our thinking. There are also other cases where what we think we see is not really what it is, â€Å"habits, interests, and biases, focuses and thus limits our perceptions† (Kirby Goodpaster, 2007, pg. 56). I believe that our sensory information in most regards is accurate, without any sort of accuracy we would not depend on them as much as we do in our thinking and decision making. When it comes to the accuracy of sensory data, there are various things that can cause an affect. Clearly, the brain needs food. Just like the rest of your body, it requires energy, protein, and vitamins for the brain to function correctly. Without a proper diet, our brain will have an effect on the sensory data. Drugs and alcohol also play a huge part in contributing to sensory accuracy. Certain types of drugs such as nicotine, marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines and ecstasy can affect the brain as well. â€Å"All of these drugs interact with the brain at the synapse, increasing or decreasing the brain’s natural chemical activity. Even though their pharmaceutic effects are different, they all have in common the ability to disrupt our cognitive abilities; and in some cases the deficits seems to last after the drug is discontinued, leaving open the possibility of permanent cognitive damage† (Kirby Goodpasters, pg. 72). Last but not least, sleep is inevitable. We need sleep to think. Perhaps that is why we spend one-third of our lives sleeping. â€Å"Sleep, like diet and exercise, is important for our minds and bodies to function normally. In fact, sleep appears to be required for survival. Rats deprived of sleep die within two to three weeks, a time frame similar to death due to starvation† (â€Å"Why Sleep Is,† 2008). Sleep is a natural part of everybodys life, but many people try to get by with a little amount of sleep. Sleep is something our bodies need to do, it is not an option. â€Å"Sleep debt can negatively affect mood, motivation, memory, decision making, concentration, problem solving, and logical thinking† (Coren, 1996; Kirby Goodpasters, pg. 73). The nature-nurture controversy is defined as, â€Å"A traditional and long-standing disagreement over whether heredity or environment is more important in the development of  living things, especially human beings.† The relative contribution of nature (genetic and biological inheritance) and nurture (environmental factors) in developmental processes have been, and to this day, continues to be a debate. Both nature and nurture influence behavior. Some things are obviously nature. Eye color, for example, is genetic, and cannot be influenced by environment, although people could use colored contacts to change their eye color. On the other hand, language is a matter of nurture, ultimately by where someone is born and raised. We may not see the world as it is, but that is where accuracy of sensory information is concluded. Three reasons to believe in the accuracy of sensory information are the ability to use our senses to provide data so that our brain can identify the truth, using our senses to help connect the brain and emotions together, and lastly, senses give the mind the potential to determine what reality is. References Smith, A. (2010, April 11). Functions of the Parts of the Brain. Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/104669-functions-parts-brain/ Kirby, G., Goodpaster, J. Thinking. (Fourth ed.). Why Sleep Is Important. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.education.com/reference/article/Ref_Parents_Why_Sleep/

Geography of Jamaica Essay -- Geographical History Jamaican Essays

Geography of Jamaica Christopher Columbus came upon Jamaica as his fleet sailed into St. Ann’s Bay on his second voyage of discovery to the New World in 1494. He described Jamaica as, â€Å"the fairest island eyes have beheld; mountainous and the land seems to touch the sky....and full of valleys and fields and plains† (Roberts, 141). Although founded by a Spaniard, Jamaica was eventually sold to England. Today, Jamaica is the largest of the English speaking West Indian islands. The tropical island of Jamaica, called Xamayca by the Arawaks, is situated in the heart of the Caribbean Sea, about 90 miles south of Cuba and 100 miles west of Haiti (Gleaner). The island is located strategically between the Caymen Trench and Jamaica Channel, through which there is heavy shipping traffic. Jamaica is the third largest island in the Greater Antilles. The island is composed of three parts, the Eastern Highlands, Central Plateaus and Hills, and Coastal plains. The geography is unique on a variety of levels. Of Jamaica’s 4,411 square miles, almost half of its terrain reaches over 1000 feet above sea level (Roberts, 141). The highest point on the island is at the peak of Blue Mountain at 7,402 feet high (Roberts, 141). The island stretches 150 miles long and about 50 miles wide, from St. Ann’s Bay to Portland Point. This terrain is made up of rugged mountains and lush forests, although about 640 miles of this island are beaches. The mountains are mostly located on the interior of the island, There are 120 rivers that start in the mountains of Jamaica and drain into the sea. This helps drain the average 77 inches of yearly rainfall. Almost all of the terrain is home to palm trees and other exotic plant lif... ...he outcome is still devastating to crops, homes, and communications. Other forces of devastation occur on account of the human population of Jamaica. Deforestation is an issue on Jamaica’s sugar, coffee and banana plantations because of pesticides and fertilizers used. Local and corporate fishermen have been endangering small fish, which are becoming less abundant on coral reefs because of fishing nets and pollution. Other environmental issues include sewage, waste and oil spills as well as pollution from cars in Kingston and other cities on the island. Monuments, beaches and Parks play a big role with the tourist industry of Jamaica. The islands’ touring cliffs, magnificent waterfalls and tropical forests attract many tourists. Over 90% of the natives of Jamaica are of African descent and their national motto is â€Å"Out of many, One People†.

Female Australian Nurses in World War One :: essays research papers

When war broke out in 1914, the Australian Government raised the first Australian Imperial Force for overseas service. The nurses to staff the medical units, which formed an integral part of the AIF, were recruited from the Australian Army Nursing Service Reserve and from the civil nursing profession. Senior Officers were more inclined to have trained male soldiers in preference to female nurses. Major General Howse (Director of Medical Services) has been quoted as saying that â€Å"the female nurse (as a substitute for the fully trained male nursing orderly) did little toward the actual saving of life in war... although she might promote a more rapid and complete recovery†. General Howse was speaking at a time when the contribution of the Nursing Service to the treatment of the wounded soldiers, at an early stage, had yet to be recognized by the Australian authorities. The first draft of Sisters left Australia in September 1914 and throughout the war, the Nursing Service served wherever Australian troops were sent. A number were also sent to British medical units in various theatres of war. They served in places such as Vladivostok, Burma, India, The Persian Gulf, Egypt, Greece, Italy, France and England. The record of service for these Sisters is a brilliant one, and one which set a very high standard for all who were to follow. The following statistics are noteworthy: 2,139 served overseas 423 served in Australia 25 died 388 were decorated (seven Military Medals were awarded to Australian Nurses for their courage under fire). An example of one nursing officer’s experience under fire is from Sister Kelly’s diary from the Casualty Clearing Station at the Western Front.... â€Å"The noise was so terrific, and the concussion so great that I was thrown to the ground and had no idea where the damage was. I flew through the chest and abdo wards and called out: ‘are you alright boys?’ ‘don’t bother about us’ was the general cry.† All the hospitals lights were out and there was a faint moon, but the sky overhead was full of searchlights and fragments from the bursting anti-aircraft artillery. She passed the cook running for an adjacent paddock, swearing hard and complaining that the bombs had put his fire out. Running on, she suddenly fell headlong into a bomb crater... â€Å"I shall never forget the awful climb on hands and feet out of that hole that was about five feet deep with greasy clay and blood (although I did not know then that it was blood). Female Australian Nurses in World War One :: essays research papers When war broke out in 1914, the Australian Government raised the first Australian Imperial Force for overseas service. The nurses to staff the medical units, which formed an integral part of the AIF, were recruited from the Australian Army Nursing Service Reserve and from the civil nursing profession. Senior Officers were more inclined to have trained male soldiers in preference to female nurses. Major General Howse (Director of Medical Services) has been quoted as saying that â€Å"the female nurse (as a substitute for the fully trained male nursing orderly) did little toward the actual saving of life in war... although she might promote a more rapid and complete recovery†. General Howse was speaking at a time when the contribution of the Nursing Service to the treatment of the wounded soldiers, at an early stage, had yet to be recognized by the Australian authorities. The first draft of Sisters left Australia in September 1914 and throughout the war, the Nursing Service served wherever Australian troops were sent. A number were also sent to British medical units in various theatres of war. They served in places such as Vladivostok, Burma, India, The Persian Gulf, Egypt, Greece, Italy, France and England. The record of service for these Sisters is a brilliant one, and one which set a very high standard for all who were to follow. The following statistics are noteworthy: 2,139 served overseas 423 served in Australia 25 died 388 were decorated (seven Military Medals were awarded to Australian Nurses for their courage under fire). An example of one nursing officer’s experience under fire is from Sister Kelly’s diary from the Casualty Clearing Station at the Western Front.... â€Å"The noise was so terrific, and the concussion so great that I was thrown to the ground and had no idea where the damage was. I flew through the chest and abdo wards and called out: ‘are you alright boys?’ ‘don’t bother about us’ was the general cry.† All the hospitals lights were out and there was a faint moon, but the sky overhead was full of searchlights and fragments from the bursting anti-aircraft artillery. She passed the cook running for an adjacent paddock, swearing hard and complaining that the bombs had put his fire out. Running on, she suddenly fell headlong into a bomb crater... â€Å"I shall never forget the awful climb on hands and feet out of that hole that was about five feet deep with greasy clay and blood (although I did not know then that it was blood).

Christian Rap vs Mainstream Rap Essay

I can’t believe the radio is playing some of the music they play and claim its radio friendly. Its not when all you hear is sex, killing, drugs, and so forth. Some may not like rap music, but even people who do claim that rap nowadays is not radio friendly. Christian Rap on the other hand brings forth a new and fresh sound to Rap music while putting Jesus in the center. Most songs encourage young people to do better and make a change to Life and not death. People think that Christian rap are all about spreading the word of god and to convert your to Christianity. If you the Listener actually listened to the lyrics you would change your mind. Christian rap does spread the word of god but it also express how to be yourself. Most songs encourage young people to do better and make a change to their Life and others. Lyrics such as in the song â€Å"Make War† Tedashii raps, â€Å"I’m filled with the Spirit so tell them dog this is pay back/ as you begin to copy the carbon copies of Christ/ and conform to His written image you should be shinning a light/ if you not, why is that? † He summarizes Romans 8:29 which delves into a Christian believer adopting all the traits of Jesus Christ. Lyrics of Christian rap songs are filled with good incentives and positive lyrics. In the song â€Å"Jesus Musik† Lecrae says â€Å"everywhere I go people caught up in theyself money cars and clothes. They talk about it all the time and put it in they songs. They drive around and play it loud like it ain’t nothin wrong . And all they talk about is sinful stuff, got everybody actin bad thinkin that they a thug†. By this he is expressing how corrupt mainstream rap is, Mainstream rap teaches their listeners how to acts and what to wear. Flame says in â€Å"Joyful Noise†, â€Å"The light is where I’m running I thought I wanted life, drunk, sexed out and blunted But all I really wanted was the One who really won itFought death, beat it gave His life to the public†. Flame used to be surrounded by mainstream influences but he found god and now knows who he should follow. People must overcome the iron claw that mainstream rap has on them. Lecrae lets the world know in his song â€Å"Souled out†. He says we must not be ashamed of ourselves and to be yourself. â€Å"Man I consider my life nuthin’. if I could just finish the race. and complete the job the. lord jesus gave me. I live to tell the world his message. Romans 1:16 â€Å"I’m not Ashamed†. I Ain’t Ashamed. †. Sometimes faith may be evident in part of a song or other times an entire song or album may focus on Christian beliefs. Mainstream Rap’s lyrics are much different then Christian Rap. While Christian Rap talks about god and being yourself, Mainstream Rap express their music trough talking about drugs, sex, and violence. These lyrics are broadcasted all over the world showing their listeners that doing those bad things are the right thing to do. Most listeners to mainstream usualy don’t take the time to understand what they are listening to. They block out all he profanity and enjoy the beat of the music. When you take the time to understand what the songs actually mean you may be discouraged to listen to the song again. Lyrics from Lil Wayne in the song â€Å"lollypop† â€Å"She say he so sweet make her wanna lick the rapper So i letta lick the rapperSh-sh-sh-she licked me like a lollypop†. When we look at specific words such as licked and lollypop it suddenly pops out what they are trying to get across. This is not alright for the radio but it sounds good so it ends up getting played. When he says â€Å"Shawty wanna thug. ottles in the club. shawty wanna hump and ooo i like to touch ya lovely lady lumps. † there are so many ad messages getting embedded in your head. Mainstream is filled with explicit language and images. The song Shots by LMFAO encourages drink â€Å"If you not drunk ladies and gentlemen Get ready to get **** up Lets do it ha, ha† and †If you ain’t getting drunk get the **** out the club. If you ain’t taking shots get the **** out the club. If you ain’t come to party get the **** out the club. Now where my alcoholics let me see yo hands up†. Most listeners are in the age of 13 to 24. This is telling children that it is okay to drink. Under age drinking is extremely dangerous . A widespread theme throughout most mainstream rap is a desire for wealth; this wish is part of the American dream, and thus reflects the desires of popular American culture. The constant bombardment of American youths with stereotypes has likely had a negative effect on them. It is common among youths to try and replicate the messages seen in rap videos; this is not surprising. Where we shop and eat even the types of homes we buy are dictated by what we â€Å"hear† the celebrities are doing. That is a powerful influence over an individual. Due to the fact that mainstream rap appeals to the thirteen to eighteen year old audiences and the artists performing come from very similar backgrounds of the listeners, rap music is able to control the way that youth think. The new generation of rappers is taking the lyrics of rap music more literally. Without the youth being able to distinguish fantasy from reality rap music has turned the youth more violent, disrespectful and it is teaching them to stand on the block and hustle or even kill someone over a minor disagreement. Rap music has control of the 12-19 year old crowd more than the parents in the household. It is popular because it speaks to a generation that can/wants to identify with what the artist is saying. The youth are taking someone else’s experiences and making it their own just for the sake of being cool or being accepted by others. Some people say the Christian rap industry is a business. These people sell records to â€Å"save souls. † So if we look at, it would seem as if Christian rappers are getting commission for every soul saved. Most Christian rappers aren’t in this business for the money they just get paid for what they do just like any other job. A pastor gets paid to preach every Sunday why would it be any different for a Christian rapper selling CD’s. Christian rappers have a positive effect on their listeners. The lyrics promote well being and the word of god. Youth that listen to Christian rap are better off then ones that listen to mainstream rap. Instead of being bombarded by bad incentives they are taught how to be a true follower of Christ and no fall to a lower level. These two styles of rap are similar but opposites at the same time. They tempo and beats of the songs are very similar. They have the same basis of how they sound, the thing that makes these to styles different is the lyrics they use in their songs. Mainstream uses profanity while Christian rap uses the words of god. Even though mainstream is more popular, but this is because theirs songs are heavily over played on the radio embedding everything they say into the youths heads and morals. Mainstream should be endorsing lyrics that makes the youth of our nation more well off then filling them with bad images and words.

How to Make Yogurt With Chemistry

How to Make Yogurt With Chemistry Yogurt is made by fermenting milk. Its high in protein, calcium, and probiotics (good bacteria). Heres how to make yogurt and a look at the chemistry of yogurt. Chemistry Yogurt forms when bacteria ferment the sugar lactose (C12H22O11) into lactic acid (C3H6O3). The lactic acid makes the milk more acidic (lower the pH), causing the proteins in milk to coagulate. The main protein in dairy milk is casein. The acidity gives yogurt its tangy flavor, while the coagulated proteins result in a thickened, creamy texture. There is no simple chemical equation for yogurt production since multiple reactions occur. Several types of bacteria can ferment lactose. Yogurt cultures may contain Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, other Lactobacillus strains, Streptococcus thermophilus, and bifidobacteria. Recipe You can make yogurt from any type of milk. Although most yogurt is made from bovine milk (e.g., cow, sheep, goat), the fermentation process works on other types of milk, as long as they contain a sugar for the bacteria to ferment and protein that can be coagulated. Yogurt can be made from soy milk, coconut milk, and almond milk. The first time you make yogurt, you need a starter culture as a source of the bacteria. You can use ordinary store-bought yogurt with active culture or you can use freeze-dried yogurt starter. If you use a commercial yogurt starter, follow the packaging directions, since activating the culture varies depending on the product. Once you make your first batch of yogurt, you can use a couple of tablespoons of it to start future batches. While it may seem like you would want to add more active culture to a recipe, adding too much bacteria produces a sour yogurt rather than a pleasantly tangy yogurt. Ingredients   1 quart milk (any kind)1/4 to 1/2 cup non-fat dry milk (optional)2 tablespoons plain yogurt with live cultures (or you can use freeze-dried bacteria instead) Recipe Set the starter yogurt out at room temperature while you prepare the milk. This warms the yogurt so that it wont chill your recipe too much when you add it later.Heat the milk to 185 °F (85 °C). The purpose of this step is to re-pasteurize the yogurt, preventing any unwanted bacteria from growing, and to denature the proteins so that they will be able to coalesce and thicken the yogurt. The easiest way to do this is to use a double boiler or set your container of milk inside a pan of water. Heat the water to near-boiling. Dont worry- the ​​milk cant boil using this technique. If you have to heat the milk directly, stir it constantly and watch the temperature to make sure it doesnt boil or burn. If you do not have a thermometer, the milk will start to froth at 185 °F (85 °C).Once the milk reaches the temperature or starts to froth, remove it from heat and allow the milk to cool 110 °F (43 °C). One way to do this is to place the container of milk in a cold wat er bath. Otherwise, you can leave the milk on the counter and allow it to cool. Either way, stir the milk occasionally so that the temperature is uniform. Dont proceed to the next step until the temperature of the milk is below 120 °F(49 °C), but dont let the milk cool below 90 °F (32 °C). 110 °F (43 °C) is the optimal temperature. At this point, you can add nonfat dry milk. This is an optional step that helps the yogurt thicken more readily, plus it adds nutritional content to the yogurt. Its purely a matter of preference, whether you add the dry milk or not.Stir in the starter yogurt.Put the yogurt into clean, sterile containers. Containers can be sterilized by boiling them. The reason for sterilizing the containers is to prevent unwanted mold or bacteria from growing in your yogurt. Cover each container with plastic wrap or a lid.Keep the yogurt as close to 100 °F (38 °C) as possible and undisturbed, to bacterial growth. Some ovens have a proof setting that you can use. Other ideas include setting the yogurt on a heating mat (being sure to check the temperature) or placing the containers in a warm water bath. Youll have a custard-like yogurt after about 7 hours. It wont resemble store-bought yogurt because that has thickeners and additional ingredients. Your yogurt should have a yellowish or greenish liq uid on top, a creamy custard texture, and may have a cheesy odor. The thin yellowish liquid is whey. You can pour it off or mix it in, whichever you prefer. Its completely edible, though you may add fruit, flavorings, or herbs, according to your taste. If you leave the yogurt at this temperature longer than 7 hours, it will thicken and become tangier. When the yogurt is the thickness and flavor you want, refrigerate it. Homemade yogurt will keep for 1-2 weeks. You can use yogurt from this batch as a starter for the next batch. If you are going to use yogurt as a starter, use unflavored yogurt, within 5-7 days.

Essay on Why Women Are Presented as ‘Victims’ Essay Example

Essay on Why Women Are Presented as ‘Victims’ Essay Example Essay on Why Women Are Presented as ‘Victims’ Essay Essay on Why Women Are Presented as ‘Victims’ Essay Women are normally presented as ‘victims’ in the horror genre, because of how women were treated as opposed to equal rights. Since women were looked upon as inferior to men, that is how they are portrayed in the media. To get attacked or murdered, women must commit a ‘sinful’ act like having sex, speaking rudely or smoking weed, to then be punished for their actions. For example, like debbz93 says in her article about women’s representation, a common role for women in the media is the dumb blonde. This woman will be sexually active, ignorant of her surroundings and will wear a lot of makeup. These types of women will be attacked or killed during the first 15 minutes of the movie. To survive in a horror movie, a woman needs to be as pure as possible if they want to earn the role of the â€Å"Final Girl†. The Final Girl is the quieter female, either an introvert or simply not interested in partying or committing sexual relations in their teenage years. This is the last girl alive to confront her killer, standing alone with nobody supporting her but herself. Purity is the most important factor for their survival, so no sex, drugs or promiscuous behavior. This trope has evolved over the years, for example, the final girl after protecting herself from the killer gets saved by a strong male, (Police officer or stranger) when they’re held at gunpoint or about to be murdered. But more modern films show the Final girl with abilities she herself can handle, killing the murderer and create a new heroin title. This representation has caused a lot of controversy throughout the history of the horror genre. Women are deliberately shown as provocative through clothing, expression, and dialogue because the filmmakers want them to. They understand that since more males watch the horror genre, they appeal and catch their attention by using codes and conventions, making the perfect seductive woman. A woman’s main role is to not only be objectified, otherwise, that would cause a major commotion to female audiences. Women can fight back, show muscular traits. Hence the Final Girl, showing how the â€Å"inferior† gender is now the hero, strong enough to take care of herself and attack the bad guy. The female representation is the most important character in horror films, because of the many conventions used to make the two tropes. John Carpenter’s â€Å"Halloween† introduces John Carpenter’s â€Å"Halloween† introduces Laurie Strode, a 17-year-old teenager living in the suburban streets of Haddonfield, Illinois. She is described as the â€Å"Final Girl† trope in the horror genre because she is the last to survive and fight off her killer. Instead of coming off as more feminine like her friends, she is taller and more masculine looking to play the part of a female lead. Laurie gets mocked by her friends for having a lack of sexual activity in her life, yet virginity is what saves her in the end. Michael Myers’ murders all share a common trait; sexual activity. From the beginning, we see young Michael Myers murdering his exposed sister shortly after she has sex while babysitting him. Laurie’s friends, Bob, Annie and Linda are all sexually active therefore get murdered on their way to have sex or immediately after. Dialogue is also very important to show a person s characteristics. In Annie’s case, we are introduced to her yelling at Michael, speeding past them in a car. â€Å"Hey, jerk! Speed kills!† Obviously causing a commotion, leaving the audience to think she’s not afraid of starting trouble. To when Laurie replies, â€Å"You know, Annie, someday youre going to get us all in deep trouble.† Even though she is friends with these teens, she has a completely opposite personality. Laurie wears a simple button up top, with denim jeans showing only the skin of her neck and arms. Unlike her friends which dress either promiscuous or nothing at all. Instead of committing sinful acts like drugs, sex etc while babysitting, she stays responsible and looks after the kids with caution. When she is attacked, she does not make stupid decisions like the â€Å"dumb blonde† in most horror movies, she carries a sharp object with her wherever she goes to protect herself from Michael. The killer’s gaze, where the vic tim is being observed, switched around in Halloween. Michael is now the spectacle and Laurie the spectator. The â€Å"Gaze† has now become female. Drew Goddard’s â€Å"Cabin in the Woods† shows us the main role for women, which is used sexually. ‘Jules’ is your stereotypical dumb blonde character who dresses and acts seductively, while being sexually active. She is unaware of her surroundings and only cares about parties and having sex, again another use of sexualizing women in media. This, however, attracts the male audiences through camera angles like the male gaze, her body language and exposing herself. An example of a male gaze scene is where her and her friends are playing a game of truth or dare, and she gets dared to kiss the stuffed wolf head mounted on the wall. As she makes her way over, the camera is at a lower angle and we are looking up at her, like we are in the position of the boys on the couch watching what they want to see. Her body language is extremely flirtatious, attracting the attention of the male’s gaze. ‘Dana’ is the final girl, having her first appearance being a lot more masculine than Jules’s. Since she has red hair, it automatically eliminates her from having the dumb blonde appearance and she also wears clothing that covers up more like a sweater and jeans. She is also the female that cares about her school grades and is more intelligent, which means she doesn’t care about anything Jules is. Dana, as shown when she was fighting with the zombies, is not afraid to fight back, as a brave woman would. She isn’t afraid to put herself at risk in order to protect herself, unlike Jules, where her character is shown as vulnerable and useless. The male gaze has only been shown once in this film with Dana when one of the friends ‘Holden’ removes a painting and Dana is revealed on the other side of the room getting undressed. Her body language is not at all flirtatious, because she is oblivious to the fact that she is seen. Once Holden tells her he can see her, she is clearly shaken, showing the audience t hat she is not that kind of girl into that behavior.

How to Plan for College 5 Tips for 9th Graders

How to Plan for College 5 Tips for 9th Graders SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you have college aspirations, you can and should start planning for college during your freshman year of high school. You want to make sure you're on the right path and have a solid plan in place to help you navigate the college process and eventually reach your goals. In this article, I'll detail what to include inyour 9th grade college planning. Then, I'll explain what you don't yet need to worry about. It’s Not Too Early to Think About How to Plan for College If you’re thinking that 9th grade is too early to start preparing for college, you’re wrong. Some of what you do in 9th grade will impact your college applications and influence admissions decisions. Many of my former students told me in their senior year that they wished they’d developed good study habits or knew more about what they’d need to do to get into college when they were freshmen. Also, if you have the mindset in 9th grade that you’re going to college, you’ll be much more likely to stay on the path to achieving your college goals. Below, I outline the five most important tips for 9th grade college planning. #1: Take the Right Classes When you start high school, you need to make sure you’re taking a college prep curriculum. Talk to your counselor to ensure that you’re on a college prep track. In many schools, the math or foreign language class you take in your freshman year of high school will determine what level you’re able to reach when you’re a senior in high school. Colleges will evaluate you based on the classes you’ve taken. If you have any aspirations of attending a top college, the most selective schools want to see that you’re challenging yourself and taking some of the hardest classes that are offered at your school. You don’t have to take every single honors or AP class, but to get into the top schools, you should demonstrate that you can do well in the most difficult classes. I do recommend taking honors or AP classes in the subjects you're best at and the subjects you're considering studying in college. Here's an example of a good freshman schedule for a student who wants to be competitive for admission to elite colleges. Note that this is just a rough guide, and you can take a more or less challenging schedule depending on your skill level and the courses offered at your high school: Honors Biology Geometry Honors English World History Spanish I PE Elective #2: Get Good Grades Believe it or not, your freshman year grades do matter for college admissions. Colleges will look at your freshman year grades, and your grades in your freshman year will influence your high school GPA and class rank. Furthermore, if you get good grades in your freshman year, you’ll be more likely to get good grades in your sophomore and junior years. You’ll have developed the skills and habits that will allow you to continue to be successful academically. Learn more about how to get a 4.0 and better grades. If you don’t do as well as you’d like in your freshman year, it doesn’t mean that your college dreams are doomed, though. Undoubtedly, your sophomore and junior year grades are more important to colleges. #3: Get Involved in Extracurriculars Other than your grades and test scores, your extracurricular activities probably have the biggest influence on the quality of your college applications. Colleges, especially top colleges, want their students to have exceptional achievements outside of the classroom, and they’re looking for individuals who use their leisure time to pursue their passions. Some students believe they need to be well-rounded and do a ton of extracurriculars; however, for college admissions, it may be more advantageous for you to develop a â€Å"spike† and exhibit excellence in a particular activity or field. If you play a sport, you can focus your energies on reaching the highest level in your sport and becoming a recruited athlete. If you excel in math, you can use your time outside of school to practice for and compete in math competitions. You should be participating in extracurricular activities during your freshman year of high school. Colleges prefer to see a sustained commitment to your activities. It’s more impressive to do one activity for four years and continue to show growth in that activity than it is to start doing a bunch of activities in your junior year. Furthermore, getting involved in extracurriculars now increases your odds of gaining leadership positions or winning awards later in your high school career. Learn what to do if you’re struggling to find extracurriculars. Maybe you can join the basketball team. Image source:David Holmes/Flickr #4: Start Preliminary College Research When you’re a freshman in high school, you don’t need to know which college you want to go to. You don’t even need to have much of an idea of which colleges you want to apply to. However, you can start thinking about what you’re looking for in a college. What do you want to study? What geographic region do you want to be in? You can play around with college finders to get an idea of different schools that may be good for you. You can also visit local college campuses to see what they're like and get a small taste of college life. Once you have an idea of a few colleges that may interest you, you can get a better idea of what you need to do to get admitted. Google "PrepScholar[name of school] admissions" to get the acceptance rates, average GPAs, and average standardized test scores for different colleges. If you know the grades you'll need to get into different schools, that can help you stay on track. Furthermore, you can also go on colleges' websites and look at their admission requirements so you know whichclasses you should be taking. It's perfectly OK if you're unsure at this point what you want in a college, and it's very possible that you'll change your mind before you graduate from high school, even if you think you know where you want to go. Keep in mind, though, that it's good to start thinking about college in general and to realize that what you do throughout high school will impact your college options. #5: Involve Your Parents This advice applies primarily to students whose parents didn’t go to college or are unfamiliar with the college application process. Even if your parents went to college, it's probably been a while and they may have fears or concerns about your college goals. If your parents aren’t pushing you to go to college, you can let them know about your desires to attend. If you get them involved with your college planning, they can be more supportive and helpful. Inform themwhy you want to go to college. Also, many parents worry about the cost of attending college. Some parents will incorrectly assume that their children can’t go to college because they’re unable to afford the full cost of attendance. You may want to direct them to our articles on how to save for college and financial aid. At this point, mostly it's important to know that finances shouldn't be a barrier to you attending college. Between grants, scholarships, and possibly loans, a college education should be accessible to you regardless of your financial situation. If your parents are pushing you to go to college or are generally stressing you out about college, you can try to reassure them by letting them know you have a plan (make sure you have a plan first). All of you can read this article and our other articles about college admissions. If possible, try to get your parents involved in your college planning. What Not to Worry About as a Freshman While it’s good to start thinking about how to plan for college in the 9th grade, you should remember that you still have substantial time to prepare yourself for college. Try to avoid stressing about college now. Your education and future are important, but so are your happiness and emotional well-being. Here are some specific aspects of planning for college that you don’t really have to be too concerned with in 9th grade. The SAT or ACT You’ve probably heard of the SAT and the ACT. Most colleges require you to take one of these tests to gain admission. A higher score will increase your chances of getting into selective colleges. In the 9th grade, you don’t have to actively prepare for these tests, but you can start to familiarize yourself with them and the skills you’ll need to acquire. The math section of the SAT and the ACT tests you on algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. Most likely, you’ll need at least a couple of years of high school math before you’ll know enough to be able to maximize your score. Also, your reading and writing skills, which are tested on these standardized tests, will improve with continued reading and the work you’ll be doing in your English classes. On the other hand, if you’re interested in attending a competitive summer program that requires you to submit SAT or ACT scores, then you should spend more time during your freshman year preparing. Even though you don’t have to worry about these standardized tests during your freshman year, it’s not too early to start studying for either the SAT or ACT. You can prepare for and take the PSAT or PreACT. Learn about how to study for the SAT/ACT as a 9th grader. If you start doing some consistentlight test prep early, you'll be more ready and relaxed when you're taking these tests during your junior or senior year when your schoolwork will be more rigorous, and you may be working on your college applications. However, I don't think you should be too concerned with your standardized tests in 9th grade. The Best College for You We get many comments from 8th and 9th graders stating their desire to go to a specific college. While it’s great to have goals and dreams, you don’t need to know where you want to go to college in 9th grade. You have a couple of years before you have to start seriously considering the schools that you want to apply to. Furthermore, as you mature and learn more about different colleges, you may very well change your dream school. You may end up deciding to pursue a different career path or change what you’re looking for in a college. There’s nothing wrong with altering your goals or priorities as you learn more. At this point in your high school career, you should spend the majority of your time developing the skills and qualifications to give yourself as many college options as possible. Perhaps you’re assuming now that you’ll go to your local state college that may not be overly selective. Maybe its incoming students have an average GPA of 3.2. However, if in the summer before your senior year, you decide that you want to go to a more prestigious college in another region of the country, you’ll have many more options if you have a 3.9 GPA. If You Can Afford College While it’s not a bad idea to save for college early, you don’t have to be overly concerned in the 9th grade with thoughts of whether you’ll be able to afford to attend. If you’re worried about college costs, you can start looking for and applying to scholarships, but many scholarships are only open to older students. Again, just realize that cost shouldn’t prevent you from attending college. Most students receive some form of financial aid and don’t pay the listed cost of attendance. Additionally, if you excel in school and end up with good test scores, you’ll be more likely to receive merit scholarships and be admitted to colleges that offer the most generous financial aid. What's Next? Do you want to go to one of the most selective colleges? Find out which classes Ivy League schools require. Learn more about how many extracurriculars you need. Finally, you can learn from our fun infographic about how to apply for college, and everything you should be doing from 9th grade until the end of your senior year. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Shipping Sector and Second-hand LNG Ships Essay

Shipping Sector and Second-hand LNG Ships - Essay Example The modern technology may also be applied to operate as â€Å"floating storage and regasification units â€Å"(FSRU) especially in receiving terminals situated in offshore. In US, UK, Brazil and in Argentina, LNG carriers are operating with onboard regasification facilities. FSRU offers many advantages over traditional on-shore liquefaction. It is most effective as contrasted to on-shore liquefaction. Further, a considerable amount of time and money spent on onshore/onsite construction and shipyard construction can be avoided. FSRU technology also addresses â€Å"NIMBY† issues, and it is less exposure to terrorism and conflict. Owners can achieve greater flexibility through the redeployment process. Further, FSRU offers shorter phase to markets than compared to on-shore regasification plants.All LNG carriers shall have double hulls. LNG is carried in near the atmospheric pressure in specifically built insulated tanks, which is being referred as the â€Å"cargo containment s ystem† located inside the inner hull. International codes stipulate the design and assembling of LNG ships. Additional and extra international safety guidelines are set out in the codes which differ with the type of cargo that carrier will carry. All commercial LNG vessels have to be registered with at least in one country known as â€Å"Flag State†.LNG Carriers must adhere to all specific international and local regulatory needs including those of Internationals Gas Carriers Code (IGC), the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and US Coast Guard (USCG).All flag states implement the International Maritime Organisation Rules as regards to the International Safety Management Code(ISM), the IGC, and the global Convention on Standards of Training the certification and Watching. Further, a flag state in which LNG carrier is registered may impose further requirements in addition to the international codes. In the shipping industry, there exists a classification society w hich is a non-governmental organization (NGO) which acts as an integral part of the industry and is always cited as â€Å"Class†.

Analytics, Interfaces, and Cloud Technology Assignment

Analytics, Interfaces, and Cloud Technology - Assignment Example However, the options and methods are critically examined helping the financial executives to deploy effectively. Once the procedures are scanned carefully the decision is made on the bases of available information (GRIFFIN & DANSON, 2012). Several organizations prefer to deploy analytics or a division of analytics capability through a method named as â€Å"Cloud†. The Cloud computing is not new in business organizations. For the past three decades, the remote access towards applications, platforms and infrastructure has been attached with the corporate of information technology operations and organizations (GRIFFIN & DANSON, 2012). Therefore, in recent years the difference is in the degree and effectiveness in which Cloud computing can be deployed. In addition, the Cloud computing operation means that the all applications, platforms and infrastructure of any organization must be managed by the third party. The advantages related to the Cloud include both cost saving as, well a s logistical benefits. Thus, these benefits are utilized by the organizations that are suffering from three trouble making forces that are joining along with other organizations. Moreover, on the global level; huge information, improved mobility and business oriented social media can change the way business is conducted in organizations. It is possible that the business rules are revised and the operations are re calculated that will affect the customer’s interaction with the organization. In modern days, many companies and other organizations are now realizing the importance of the Cloud for future strategies in the field of Information Technology. (GRIFFIN & DANSON, 2012) A recent Deloitte survey, Mid-market Perspectives: 2012Report on America’s Economic Engine reports that 40 percent of mid-market companies think that leveraging the Cloud will be an integral part of their ongoing IT strategy in 2012 and beyond. This is up 38 percent from 2011. In order to deal with the sudden increase of information, the demand is increased for the mobility options and the response of social media influence must recognize the prospective of the Cloud. How the CLOUD Control Distractions The most effective sources that influence customer’s sentiments and reactions are considered huge information, mobility and evaluation of social media that helps to estimate the user’s potential and interest towards information technology. But on the other hand, if it is for in business then it can be troublesome as usual. However, the financial executives can control the past and future operations and can construct a firm foundation that helps an organization in achieving their goals (GRIFFIN & DANSON, 2012). Cloud Computing Storage The storage of cloud computing requires a lot of space, in fact humongous data centers where data is collected and managed. These data centers pose several threats and security risk that may impact these data storage machines. The thre at may be from a professional hacker and also in the form of the cloud provider itself, if data is not adequately dealt with. A minor security incident or mis configuration can lead to a system failure or unavailability. For instance, in 2008, only a tiny corrupted bit integrated with a message that was used by the servers of Amazon’s Simple Storage Service (S3) that provide services of online data storage imposed a system shutdown for many hours (Talbot, 2010). Moreover,

Hudson River Dredging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Hudson River Dredging - Essay Example GE, along with supporters from a portion of the public, strongly opposed dredging as a cleanup option, stating that it was unnecessary since the river was eliminating the PCBs through natural means. However, in 2002 EPA initiated the dredging of two million cubic meters of sediment to remove an estimated 68,000 kilograms of PCBs from a 250-kilometer stretch of the upper Hudson. For the design and implementation of the dredging project, active public involvement was ensured by EPA2. The fish caught from the upper Hudson River were found to be contaminated with the 209 different chemical compounds of PCBs which accumulate in its fat tissues. Humans who consume contaminated fish increase their risk of cancer. Currently, PCB pollution is such that fishing for the purpose of human consumption is prohibited in the upper Hudson River, and permitted only to a limited extent downstream, by health advisories3. While cleaning the Hudson River through dredging and remediation are essential, the technological feasibility, the overall environmental benefits, the adverse impacts caused by hazardous waste from the operations, and the problems caused to nearby communities need to be taken into consideration. Thesis statement: The purpose of this paper is to discuss Hudson River dredging and remediation to remove PCBs; and to examine the environmental benefits and disadvantages resulting from the operations. The Hudson River in New York State is one of the best known examples of a large river system with widespread sediment contamination with PCBs. The upper forty miles of river will undergo cleaning operations, with 2.65 million cubic yards of sediment proposed to be removed. Cleanup has yet to begin, although dredging of 265,000 cubic yards from 94 acres is planned for the first year of dredging operations4. The United States federal government is compelled to address the problem of polychlorinated

Comparing Income Statements From Different Industries Essay - 1

Comparing Income Statements From Different Industries - Essay Example Their 2013 and 2014 annual reports will facilitate this analysis. The gross profit margin shows the ability of an entity to control its cost of sales and management’s efficiency in producing each unit of a product (Tracy, 2012). From table 1 above, the gross profit margins for General Motors, Alliance Pharmaceutical, Inc., Apple Inc. and Walmart Inc. were 13.19%, 60.29%, 38.58% and 24.82% respectively. Operating profit margin, on the other hand, shows an entity’s ability to control its operating expenses such as selling and distribution costs, and administrative expenses. From table I, operating profit margins for General Motors, Alliance Pharmaceutical, Inc., Apple Inc. and Walmart Inc. were 3.30%, 29.35%, 28.72% and 5.64% respectively. In the same context, the net profit margin indicates an entity’s ability to control its financing expenses (Tracy, 2012). In this regard, General Motors, Alliance Pharmaceutical, Inc., Apple Inc. and Walmart Inc.’s net profit margins were 3.43%, 21.06%, 21.61% and 3.36% respectively as shown in table 1 above. Besides the effects of operating expenses and financing activities on the profit margins computed above, the Entrepreneur Media, Inc. (2009) associates the differences in these margins to the different industries that the companies analyzed in this case operate in. As such, these industries treat their inventories differently from each other1. This paper aimed at comparing profit margins for different companies, operating in different industries. From this comparison, it has been evidenced that an entity’s ability to control its costs, directly affects its gross profit margin, operating profit margin, and net profit margin. Additionally, the different ways in which different entities in different industries account for their inventories also affect their

Business Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Growth - Essay Example For an investor, growth is an investment style which looks for stocks with high earnings and revenue growth. Business growth can also be understood as any firm generating essential positive cash earnings or flows and that flow increases at faster rate than the general economy. Definitions and Business Platform The term platform is used in various different situations. Earlier the term platform was used as a synonym of operating system. However, today it has a wider meaning and is used to describe variety of situations. Business platform is a method which creates an environment of integration to accelerate approach of operation towards partners and customers. The business platform reduces the gap between the operations, partners and customers and brings them closer. Reducing the gap between these three important elements enables the business to perform efficiently and properly which leads to reduce cost of production and increase customer satisfaction. For growth of any type of busine ss customer satisfaction is very important and essential as today’s economy is a customer oriented economy ands not product oriented (Zook, & Allen, 2001) . The business platform not only brings these three vital elements closer but also finds efficiencies and unlocks innovations from every part of the business. Business platforms have number of characteristics in common. Platforms are open to everyone and can be put up easily. Even though, platforms can be commercial or non commercial no one needs to take permission or pay money before building up a business platform. Platforms magnetize builder’s community, in order to increase these communities; these communities should be taken care of and managed properly. Building community helps in building the business more efficiently as because of the community one get help of suppliers, customers and partners. It removes barriers and makes flow efficient by giving the option of self-service access. Platforms do not different iate between large and small builders. Some platforms allow participation of small builders in the competition and these businesses sometimes even disturb present businesses. It is a two way contract between builders, who utilizes the platform and the platform provider, who offers the platform services to builders. Sometimes it has been seen that platform assist unexpected conclusions. Platform is a good thing when managed properly. We experienced in our project that platforms are very important to make people aware of our product. Platforms can be easily understood as Marketing. For our project we took help of different platforms like we announce about our project in mosque, stick posters on the walls of mosque, send direct marketing emails and text friend to pass this message. Below given are the stages, which a business goes through It has been observed that fast growing companies are disordered places to work. With the expansion of work and business, things or strategies which h ad worked well in past, start weakening and add no help. People and teams get flooded with workload and with the expansion of business, same managers who were very efficient earlier start committing mistakes with their expand area of control. Because of increase work load systems start collapsing (Burke, & Barrow, 2008). Growth is pleasure when everything goes right however it is even more stressful when things happen incorrectly. Apart from this,

Comparing Income Statements From Different Industries Essay - 1

Comparing Income Statements From Different Industries - Essay Example Their 2013 and 2014 annual reports will facilitate this analysis. The gross profit margin shows the ability of an entity to control its cost of sales and management’s efficiency in producing each unit of a product (Tracy, 2012). From table 1 above, the gross profit margins for General Motors, Alliance Pharmaceutical, Inc., Apple Inc. and Walmart Inc. were 13.19%, 60.29%, 38.58% and 24.82% respectively. Operating profit margin, on the other hand, shows an entity’s ability to control its operating expenses such as selling and distribution costs, and administrative expenses. From table I, operating profit margins for General Motors, Alliance Pharmaceutical, Inc., Apple Inc. and Walmart Inc. were 3.30%, 29.35%, 28.72% and 5.64% respectively. In the same context, the net profit margin indicates an entity’s ability to control its financing expenses (Tracy, 2012). In this regard, General Motors, Alliance Pharmaceutical, Inc., Apple Inc. and Walmart Inc.’s net profit margins were 3.43%, 21.06%, 21.61% and 3.36% respectively as shown in table 1 above. Besides the effects of operating expenses and financing activities on the profit margins computed above, the Entrepreneur Media, Inc. (2009) associates the differences in these margins to the different industries that the companies analyzed in this case operate in. As such, these industries treat their inventories differently from each other1. This paper aimed at comparing profit margins for different companies, operating in different industries. From this comparison, it has been evidenced that an entity’s ability to control its costs, directly affects its gross profit margin, operating profit margin, and net profit margin. Additionally, the different ways in which different entities in different industries account for their inventories also affect their

See Attachment for topic choices Research Paper

See Attachment for topic choices - Research Paper Example Similarly, inflation causes uncertainty about future and this situation will discourage savings and investments. In addition to this, inflation promotes speculation and hoarding since people expect further price rise in future. This worse economic condition causes shortage of goods as well. However, inflation can also contribute some benefits to the economy by enabling the central banks to vary nominal interest rates in order to mitigate the impacts of recession. In contrast, deflation indicates a decline in the general price level of goods and services. A reduction in the supply of money or credit often causes deflation; a decrease in personal, government, or investment spending may also lead to deflation. Generally, deflation occurs when annual inflation rate falls below zero percent (a negative inflation rate). Deflationary spiral is a danger that arises from deflation and this situation would make economic environment worse. This paper will critically evaluate the different aspec ts of zero inflation and moderate inflation. Inflation and its Impacts on Economies According to Feldstein (1998), the inflation always hurts standard of living of people since rising prices force them to pay more for the same goods and services. ... Similarly, if people expect inflation they are more likely to be extravagant as they envisage worse condition in near future. This economic condition turns to be one of the potential challenges as it may lead to further inflation. This adverse economic condition spirals out of control and hence it is known as spiraling inflation. To illustrate, when people get worried about the further price rise, they tend to plan their economic activities such as spending and buying for a short period. Although this short-term focused financial planning may add mobility to the economic performance of the nation, it involves some pitfalls also. For instance, the economic uncertainty regarding future would persuade the entrepreneurs and other business houses to postpone the launch of their new ventures, and that would ultimately impede the economic growth of the nation. Keynes has classified inflation into two; demand pull inflation and cost push inflation. Under demand push inflation, aggregate dema nd exceeds aggregate supply and it leads to adverse conditions such as deficit financing, agricultural backwardness, and labor inefficiency. In the case of cost push inflation, cost highly increases due to decrease in supply. This condition also affects the economy as it happens along with currency devaluation, profit deflation, and wage increases. Sometimes, the difference between demand and supply and resulting inflation may go beyond government control. In such situations, buyers would trim down their day to day expenses in order to vie with the increasing price level. At the same time, producers may cut down their output levels so as to retain minimum profit

Teaching Theories Essay Example for Free

Teaching Theories Essay The purpose of this report is to research theories, frameworks and the different aspects relating to the effects of inclusive learning and teaching of disabled learners We continually face challenges in supporting the learning of our students in our changing world. The curriculum that frames our learning and teaching practices are developed from research and learning theories. Expectations emphasise knowing how to learn and how to understand, access and use information gained. In the first half of the 20th century two theories dominated the way we learnt, Pavlov and Skinner were influential figures with their extensive research largely based on laboratory studies of animals. Skinners operant conditioning theories (Baldwin and Baldwin 1986) uses a mixture of positive and negative reinforcement to control learner’s behaviours. Operant conditioning is such a fundamental aspect of learning and is also effective in behaviour management. This is achieved entirely through verbal feedback, for both positive and negative reinforcement, on a negative this theory focused on observable behaviour and less on what learners gained in knowledge. In the middle of the 20th century research began to look closely into acquisition of knowledge, although the teacher still played the most active role. In the1970’s research moved away from laboratories and into more natural learning situations, this showed learners playing an active and strategic role in their own learning. Piaget’s theory had a huge impact on teaching methods a this time and remains one of the most important cognitive development theories in education to date, although further evidence suggests Piaget underestimated the ability of infants and children as well as not accounting for individual differences. Constructivist theory works well with disabled learners, due to the fact that the learners do not seem so overwhelmed and frustrated and it aids in mot ivating the students. Teachers should prioritize and teach the most important facts relating to key ideas, the main aim and purpose of implementing this theory is intended to not cause undue stress or reason for the learners to feel overwhelmed with having to take on board and memorize too much information at any given time. The teacher should utilise techniques such as brainstorming in order to access and asses the skills and abilities gained by the students on an on-going basis, Students can track their own progress and errors and gain feelings of confidence and success. Although the behaviourist theories are positive in that they suggest  breaking down tasks into small manageable segments, the best teaching practices tend to integrate ideas from all of the theory principles and integrate them to produce a more successful outcome. Research enables us to understand how learning occurs, thus enabling the teachers to select and design the curriculum and look at the learning environments and the strategies for teaching and assessing those which support disabled learning. Knowing how to support the learning process for our students and implementing and identifying the theories and principles concerned, allows us to create and enjoy rich learning and life experiences for all those involved. Learning is central to economic success †¦ Those who are disadvantaged educationally are also disadvantaged economically and socially; equity and viability dictate that all should have the opportunity to succeed. (Kennedy 1997:15) People with disabilities experience stigma being attached to them which can on occasions be more detrimental and painful than the disability itself. Many children are kept at home or are institutionalised in one form or another; this tends to occur due to the lack of support for families and the feeling of worthlessness. The stigma attached to disabled people such as being frowned upon and seen as being a hindrance and a drain on society can form such opinions as for example †there’s no point in educating disabled people as they are incapable of working or contributing to society† Attitudes are made of individual personal experiences as well as feelings, reactions and beliefs of the past. This consequently forms a cluster of set ideas which are called stereotypes. Bohner and Wanke (2002, p.5) defined it â€Å"attitude is a summary evaluation of an object of thought.† As attitudes influence perception, thinking, other attitudes and behaviour, they contribute significantly to a person’s psychological make-up. The negatives of stereotyping are they can lead people to assume all members of a set group possess similar features and/or act in the same way. As these are handed down from generation to generation stereotyping needs to be challenged in all manners so that we can educate others and aid disabled learners in reaching their full potential and having the confidence to do so. Disabled people developed the social model of disability because the traditional medical model didn’t explain their personal experience of  disability or help develop more inclusive ways of living. The social model dictates that disability is a reflection of the way society is organised, whereas the medical model looks at what is â€Å"wrong† with the person instead of the †needs of the person†. An example of the above would be a learner with visual impairment having to read something for the benefit of their studies, unfortunately under the medical model solutions are far and few between, an example of a social model solution would be giving access to a full- text audio recording. Inclusive education is the practice of teaching disabled students alongside their non-disabled peers within regular classroom settings, instead of segregating them into special classrooms. The principle of inclusion is based on the idea that every person has a right to belong and be included in the education community. This has benefits for both disabled and non-disabled learners as both can learn different skills from each other. Inclusive learning promotes autonomy and personal growth, quality of life depending on their ability to exercise choice and self-determination, self-worth and esteem, the building of meaningful relationships and peer role models for academic, social and behavioural skills. Adaptations facilitate access to the general education curriculum (Fisher Frey, 2001); for inclusion to be successful, its essential to implement adaptations that meet individual student needs (Cross, Traub, Hutter-Pishgahi, Shelton, 2004). For the non-disabled learners it aids in developing other skills such as empathy, acceptance, skill acquisition and problem solving. It also encourages respect and acceptance for individual differences and preparation of a learner’s future in an inclusive society. Communication and Collaboration are at the heart of learning and change, between all those involved. Practitioners have obligations under legislation including Part 4 of the Education Act 1996 and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. They also have obligations including a requirement to have regard to the SEN Code of Practice. Bernes (1973) Transactional analysis theory is a method of analysing communication using three personality states; the child, the parent and the adult. This helps us to reflect on our communications with others and be  mindful in our approaches when doing so. Communication itself has a huge impact on the learners and inclusive learning; there is a lot to consider when looking at modifications required. Teachers need to be aware of the environment provided, such as seating arrangements and background noise and ensure that the communication is accurate, jargon free, and work is prioritised with sub headings and explanations are brief and clear. Any expectations regarding learners are stated firmly. Visuals aids and trips beyond the setting are required to extend the learners experiences and imaginations coupled with the need for any worksheets to be proofread before handing to the students. The information must be accessible in all different formats and text should cover equality, differentiation and inclusiveness. Above all there must be an importance with respect to the development of inclusive learning as active listening to learner’s voices aids them to gain a feeling of belonging and provides them with the willingness to participate. Inclusive learning comes with a wide range of challenges. National exams fail to always accommodate the student’s diverse backgrounds and needs, and so does the curriculum which tends to be content heavy and lack flexibility. Budgets for education services to supply resources required to support learners is problematic and so is access to some environment/ settings. Lack of involvement and support from our learner’s family can also cause barriers that need to be overcome. Lack of training for staff is a huge issue as lack of communication skills to communicate with learners with a disability can cause underachievement and low expectations, also lesson planning that covers learners diverse needs and cultural backgrounds takes more consideration and time as designing such teaching materials to suit all is a challenge. In conclusion theories are required to continue to develop through further research to enable our learners to further their skills and reach their full potential. Inclusive learning techniques and practices are required to ensure the progression of disabled learners within society and  provide the opportunity to change the misconception of disabilities and their impact. The education process and all those involved needs to implement, review, adjust and strive to overcome and manage barriers faced by the learners on a day to day basis. The question is no longer which approach is best but how we can apply what has been learned from each model in a way that can produce positive outcomes such as attainment and achievement.

Achievement Goal Theory

Achievement Goal Theory Achievement Goal Theory (Nicholls, 1984, 1989) proposes that goal orientations are developed and altered through various socialization processes, including the motivational climate created by parents and coaches (Nicholls, 1989). In order to better understand the influence of motivational climates, it is necessary to understand the concept of the achievement goal theory (Dweck Leggett, 1988). Achievement goals have been widely researched by Maehr (1980), Nicholls (1984) and Dweck (1986), who have worked individually, but also collaboratively, in an attempt to explain achievement behaviour within sport settings. As Duda (2001) and Nicholls (1984) demonstrated; whether a goal orientation is seen to have adaptive or maladaptive outcomes, will depend on the ability perceptions of the individual. Ames (1984, 1992) supported this idea, discovering that through a parents reaction to their childs performance, children will learn what is valued and preferred. Ultimately, this preference will then be reflected in a childs goal orientation and attitudes towards sport and exercise. In addition, when measuring this Ames (1992) commented that it is the childs interpretation of the parental influence rather than the actual behaviour that is deemed most important. Dweck (1986) proposed goal orientation as a defining feature of motivation. Task and ego orientated performers differ, as different behaviours will need to be adopted for each goal orientation and each environment within which the individual performs. Bartlett, Gratton and Rolf, (2006) agreed that a task orientated performer believes that participation in the activity leads to enhanced feelings of mastery, enjoyment, satisfaction and interest. In contrast, performers can be described as ego orientated. Smith, Balaguer and Duda, (2006) viewed this as the tendency to judge ones ability with respect to the performance of others and to tie subjective success to the demonstration of superior ability. Biddle et al. (2003, p. 11) hypothesized that, As a result of childhood socialization experiences, individuals goal orientations are expected to be consistent with the perceived goal orientations held by significant others, such as parents or coaches. Therefore, the following study will examine a childs perceptions of the motivational climate created by their parents and illustrate the relationship that this has with a childs attitudes towards sport and exercise participation. Perceived Motivational Climate Recently, research has addressed the contention that parents create a motivational climate that influences their childrens achievement motivation (Duda and Hall, 2000; Weigand, 1994; White, 1998). The motivational climate is created through a set of behaviours (e.g. rewards, punishment and feedback) from either parents or coaches (Ames, 1992). Similar to the structure of achievement goals, motivational climates can be either task or ego involving. Research suggests that promoting a task climate is related to greater satisfaction (Walling, Duda, Chi, 1993) and enjoyment (Seifriz, Duda, Chi, 1992); whereas promoting an ego climate is related to performance worry (Walling, Duda, Chi, 1993), and low self-efficacy (Nicholls,1989). In order to better understand an athletes socialisation experiences and the way in which these will influence their attitudes towards sport and exercise; it is appropriate to examine the motivational climate created by significant others (Elliot and Dweck, 2005). As well as coaches and peers, parents have an important role to play in understanding their childs motives for involvement in sport; and ensuring that they are supported, by creating the optimal motivational climate (Maffulli, 2001). Horn (2008) developed this idea further, commenting that, no role is more important than establishing the psychological climate in which the childs sports participation will take place. You have not included Epsteins TARGET research which underpins motivational climate research. By giving certain rewards, making explicit expectations and identifying the importance of a particular event or competition, significant others structure the sport context so that it becomes task or ego involving (Lee, 1993). This goal structure created by the adult establishes a motivational climate, whereby the development of one goal perspective takes priority over the other (Nicholls, 1989; Roberts, 1992). The motivational climate that is created will vary depending on the parents view of sport; and ultimately, their dispositional goal orientation. For instance, parents supporting a highly competitive goal orientation, identified winning and being better than other children as most important; whereas parents endorsing less competitive orientated goals placed greater emphasis on their child focusing on getting on with others and being accepted as part of the team (Lee, 1993). Resultantly, if emphasis is placed on effort, improvement, and self-referenced goals, then a mastery clima te develops. In contrast, if emphasis is placed on social comparison, winning competitions, and other-referenced goals, then a performance climate develops. As parents are the most critical social influence on childrens development, it is likely that goal orientations are made clear through parents encouraging and rewarding certain actions and involvement in certain activities (Weigand et al., 2001). Previous studies have examined perceptions of the motivational climate initiated by the coach (e.g. Newton Duda, 1997; Seifriz et al, 1992; Treasure Roberts, 1997). The results from these investigations have supported the categorisation of motivation into two distinct climates-being, a task-involving and an ego-involving climate. Include sentence here clarifying task-involving is mastery climate and ego-involving is performance climate and be consistent in your use of terms. Further work in this field has also demonstrated the link between such climates with an individuals adaptive or maladaptive motivational patterns. This is an interesting area of study as the adoption of an adaptive or maladaptive motivational attitude will influence the chosen goal orientation that the child will work under. Current research has reflected that perceptions of a mastery climate are linked with high task orientation, whereas perceptions of a performance climate are associated with high ego orienta tion. Socialisation an influential construct? Socialisation is a two way interactive social process whereby individuals are exposed to significant forms of information regarding expectations within a particular setting (Bandura, 1977; Greendorfer 1993; Weiss and Glenn, 1992). For instance, parents may encourage their children to partake in a wide variety of sporting activities; in order to emphasize their belief that making friends during childhood is important, and also to stay fit and healthy you must exercise often. In contrast, other parents who are more ego-orientated driven will expect their child to excel within the activity; sometimes adopting a win-at-all costs attitude. Parents are considered to be the most influential social agent in a young childs life as children spend most of their time within the family unit during early childhood; and parents are usually the ones who will introduce their children into sport and enrol them into sport programmes (Green and Chalip, 1998; Greendorfer, Lewko and Rosengreen, 1996). It is also predicted that during the early years, parents are likely to be present at their childrens games and sport fixtures; therefore giving them ample opportunity to express their values and beliefs of sport to their children (Scanlan, 1996). Horn (2004) also demonstrates that before 10 years of age, children regard the feedback and judgements regarding their abilities given from parents, as imperative to their development and progress. However, when they reach the teenage years, children rely more on the feedback given and believes demonstrated by their peers and coaches; now meaning that parents are more likely to support their chi ldren with regards to transport and the financial needs of participation (Cote, 1999). This shift in primary sporting influence from parents to coaches and peers, when a child enters their teenage years (Hellstedt, 1995) . This can sometimes increase the chances of a coach-parent conflict but can also confuse the child in who they are supposed to take primary notice of. Treasure and Roberts (1995) have shown that physical activity and a childs choices towards sports participation are not only influenced by their dispositional goal orientations (e.g. task and ego goals), but also by the actions, beliefs and attitudes from powerful social agents (e.g. coaches, parents and peers). The process of socialisation is powerful in demonstrating parents beliefs to their child; since, as individuals mature they come to define their own set of values, therefore making a greater number of independent decisions (Dixon, Warner and Bruening, 2008). With this knowledge, it is appropriate to assume that socialisation is most influential during the earlier stages of a childs lifetime (Dixon, Warner and Bruening, 2008). Laursen and Hartup (2002) supported this finding, commenting that, as children enter late childhood (10-12 years); they extend and mature their social relationships with friends, peers and non-family members. One particular study concept that has been of great use when explaining the process of socialisation is the expectancy-value model (Eccles et al., 1983; Eccles Harold, 1991; Fredricks Eccles, 2002, 2004). This model does not address the longevity of parental impact as the model has been solely developed and tested for the study of childrens (rather than adolescents or adults) lives. Therefore, this research project will provide a retrospective account of the impact of parental influence on a childs sport involvement. This reflective process will allow findings to be gathered from when the participant first started experiencing parental influence, up until the present day. Conducting a retrospective study may also provide the researcher with the opportunity to predict a time or age range where parental encouragement is no longer influential, as many scholars argue that the effects of parental socialisation are centred in early childhood (ages 5-12) (Warner and Bruening, 2008). Warner and Bruening (2008) concluded that further research should examine an adults perspective of their parents impact on their sport beliefs, values and participation. The authors maintained that such a study would add value to the literature on parent socialisation. This supports the proposals for the current study, whereby opinions and perceptions will be taken from an adult-childs perspective. Social Agents The Parents / Parent-child interactions Researchers have identified parents as the most critical sport socialization agent for children (Brustad and Partridge, 2002). The majority of research surrounding the parent-created motivational climate has been completed by White (1996, 1998). White Duda (1993) produced a modification of the Parent-Initiated Motivational Climate Questionnaire (PIMCQ; ) (White, Duda Hart, 1992), named the PIMCQ-2. This 36-item questionnaire records sport and exercise participants perceptions of the motivational climate created by first their mother, and secondly their father. Subscales question the learning and enjoyment climate, worry-conductive climate and a success-without-effort climate (Jowett Lavallee, 2007). Of the 36 total items, 18 refer to the mother-created motivational climate and 18 items target the father created motivational climate (Lavoi and Stellino, 2008). MORE ABOUT THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND STRENGTHS / WEAKNESSES HERE.? yes Researchers (Horn and Weiss, 1991; Brustad, 1996) have suggested that, as a function of cognitive development, youngsters rely most heavily on parental and significant adult feedback to judge personal competency. A large proportion of time in childhood is also spent in the familial context, and children normally have not yet developed firm social contacts outside the family unit (Brustad, 1996). However, with expanding social experiences, cognitive maturation, and improved social skills, children and adolescents spend an increasing amount of time in peer group company, resulting in an increasing reliance on peers to evaluate competence (Horn and Weiss, 1991). Parents possess a great deal of power when expressing their beliefs, enabling them to sway and alter a youngsters choices by either providing encouragement by a means of transportation to and from sporting venues or by educating the child of the values associated with sport and physical activity. It is these powerful social processes whereby values and norms are transmitted and taught, with the hope that they will then be adopted by the child, which highlights the importance of the process of socialisation (Bandura, 1977; Greendorfer, 1993; Weiss Glenn, 1992). Dixon, Warner and Bruening (2008) suggested that in order to determine what attracts children into sport and influences their choices within this domain, the socialisation experiences that youngsters have need to be studied. Thus, an investigation was undertaken to examine the effect of parental influence on womens sport involvement. This study focused primarily on the process of socialisation, using the expectancy-value model to demonstrate their findings (Fredricks Eccles, 2002, 2004). Results revealed that parents have the most direct impact upon socialisation when a child is young, however this influential power is then passed onto teachers and coaches during the adolescent stage of a childs development (Anderssen, Wold, Torsheim, 2006). Few studies have examined the childs perception of parental beliefs (White, 1996), therefore the current study will focus on the perception of the motivational attitudes and climates that parents create. White (1998) supported this, identifying that it is the perception of a situation or set of behaviours that is more important than the actual situation or behaviour itself. For example, Duda and Hom (1993) examined the perceived and self-reported goal orientations of young athletes and their parents. Results revealed that children who were higher in task orientation, as opposed to ego orientation, perceived their significant parent to be higher in task orientation. In contrast, those children higher in ego orientation, as opposed to task orientation, perceived their significant parent to also be higher in ego orientation. Weigand (1994) found similar results, in a study of children and adolescents in a variety of youth sports. Results revealed that males, more than females, were sign ificantly more ego than task oriented, perceived both parents to endorse more ego than task involvement, and perceived fathers affective pressure in sport and importance of sport (e.g. pressure to win), to be higher. Parental influence can have a dramatic effect on ones choices towards sports participation (Fredricks and Eccles, 2002). Past investigations have examined the influence significant others have on children involved in sport and have identified parents as being the most influential (Kelly, 1974; Snyder, 1978). Recent research has also concluded that parental beliefs are consistently related to young adults goal orientations (White, Kavussanu, Tank Wingate, 2004). Dixon et al (2008) examined parental influence on womens lifetime sport involvement. Semi structured interviews were used to study socialisation and participation over time. Findings revealed that parents are more influential during a childs early youth; nevertheless they maintained that this influence lasts well beyond childhood. The authors also recognised that narrative accounts can often be overly positive or negative as subjects may demonstrate a degree of bias towards their parents. Nonetheless, Dixon et al (2008) believed that parents are one of the most powerful social agents for children. With this in mind a child will act in accordance with their parents beliefs about their potential successes, as they do not want to become a disappointment to them; thus they will place a similar, if not identical level of importance, upon success within that activity (Bois, Sarrazin, Brustad, Trouilloud, Cury, 2002). This study will seek to identify the links between the parent initiated motivational climate and the childs dispositional goal orientation. Waldron and Krane (2005) studied the motivational climate and goal orientation in adolescent female softball players, with particular reference to the development and maintenance of such goal orientations. Participants with an average age of 15 years completed the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ; Duda and Nicholls, 1992) and The Parent-Initiated Motivational Climate Questionnaire (PIMCQ (; White, Duda and Hart, 1992). Findings showed that children high in task orientation perceived their parents to be high in task orientation and children high in ego-orientation perceived their parents to be highly ego orientated. This is consistent with other studies results (White and Duda, 1996; Duda and Homs, 1993), after examining the relationship between goal orientation and the perceived parent-initiated motivational climate. Results reflected that children who were high in task orientation perceived their parents to prefer a climate where learning and enjoyment were mos t important. However, children high in ego orientation perceived their parents to favour a climate where success was associated with low levels of effort in the learning of physical skills. Importantly, it has been suggested that; the perception of a situation or motivational climate, rather than the actuality of the situation itself, should receive more attention in future research (Waldron Krane, 2005; White, 1998). Therefore the current study will aim to examine the perceptions of the motivational climate created by parents, as the influence of parents on athletes achievement behaviours has not been as widely studied as that of coaches (Waldron Krane, 2005). Stressors In addition to the obvious competition and sport specific stressors affecting athletes, another stressor that can affect youngsters is that of parental pressure (Maffulli, 2001). Hellstedt, (1990, 1995) and Scanlan, (1995); identified both positive and negative aspects of parental involvement. With regards to the positive aspects, parents were referred to as being the main source of encouragement, positive role models and providers of support (e.g. emotional, financial). However, parental support was also viewed at times to be negative, as, parents presented a source of stress through criticism of performance and financial blackmailing based on the financial investment made by them. Research has supported that unrealistically high parental expectations (such as pressure, criticism and those mentioned above); have been linked to lower enjoyment, less intrinsic motivation and more stress among young athletes (Lavoi and Stellino, 2008). Social Cognitive Perspective The predominant theory used to examine interpersonal influences on behaviour has been social cognitive theory (SCT). Banduras (1991) social coginitve theory contended that personal factors (e.g. moral reasoning), environmental factors (parental socialisation) and moral behaviours operate interactively in a recipricol way (Horn, 2008). According to SCT, there exists, three primary mechanisms of influence on childrens physical activity choices; these are, role modelling, social influence and social support processes (Welk, Wood and Morss, 2003). Role modelling has emerged from the research as the most commonly used source of parental influences on physical activity (Anderssen and Wold, 1992; Moore, Lombardi, White, Campbell, Olivera and Ellison, 1991), however the results are mixed, with some studies finding little or no link between parent and child activity habits (Biddle and Goudas, 1996; Garcia, Broda, Frenn, Coviak, Pender and Ronis, 1995). Despite the fact that it is reasonable to expect that parents who are active may be more likely to encourage their children to participate in physical activity than parents who are inactive (Sage, 1980; Seppanen, 1982); this topic has received little attention in recent times. Therefore, the current study will seek to establish the strength of the relationship between parent activity levels and sports participation, in correspondence to that of their children. Previous Research Measures Much of the previous research has used quantitative measures of study to collect results, therefore the current study will focus on qualitative measures (i.e., interviews) as they offer a more in-depth perspective (Gratton and Jones, 2004) and allow participants to expand and explain their answers to given questions. Through this data collection method it is hoped that the quality of data will be greater as the interviewer can use probes to guide the interviewee to specific answers, allowing for increased precision of responses (REF). From the literature reviewed, it is clear that the motivational climates created by significant others play a vital role in influencing youngsters attitudes and choices towards physical activity and sport (White, 1998). Therefore, predictions can be drawn that parental task orientated climates will predict athletes task orientation whereas parental ego orientated climates will predict athletes ego orientation. Need concluding para with summary of aims and hypothesise (if appropriate)

Network Security Essay -- Technology, Computers

Network Security Network security is a problem that network administrators face. It is something that network administrators should keep a careful eye on. For example, if the home network does not have any security measures in place, then the person is at a high risk of data loss due to hacking. Network security is something that businesses do not take very lightly because they want to protect their valuable information and network resources from hackers. It is a problem because of unauthorized use and can be resolved by increasing the security encryption levels. Networks, including the internet, are one of the most essential things to businesses. Without computer networks, companies would be lost and would not have a way to communicate without these systems and this would cause businesses to operate slower (Network 1). Patch works of older networking systems are easier to find these days (Network 1). Starting relationships between many businesses, networks in many ways become synonymous with the groups and businesses they bring together (Network 1). Business employees, customers, and business partners would have available access to their information stored in network systems, could get to their network systems and share them easily among themselves (â€Å"Network† 1). Computer networks give their owners speed, ability to connect, and ultimately value to their users. They give possible solutions for business difficulties and issues that would not be possible to other businesses (Network 1). Computer networking systems are requir ed for electronic communications. (Network 1) As time moves on, businesses’ spend a ton of money on computer systems that are used to manage various functions such as accounting, human resources... ...ained. (Kolakowski 2) â€Å"Now I can create spheres where workers manage their corporate email accounts and connections to the CRM to do their real work. The advantages of that architecture is that the user has greater separation between work and personal business, and isolation enhances security.† (â€Å"10 Problems 36) In the future of network security, there will be fingerprint readers. There will also be stronger encryption levels. Lastly, there will also be facial recognition software to protect the security of networks in the future and then again some hacker will gain access to it and start hacking it once more. Network security is something that network administrators must not take lightly. They must be aware of the causes that make network security an issue. Lastly, they must be aware of the problems and solutions to issues in network security situations. Network Security Essay -- Technology, Computers Network Security Network security is a problem that network administrators face. It is something that network administrators should keep a careful eye on. For example, if the home network does not have any security measures in place, then the person is at a high risk of data loss due to hacking. Network security is something that businesses do not take very lightly because they want to protect their valuable information and network resources from hackers. It is a problem because of unauthorized use and can be resolved by increasing the security encryption levels. Networks, including the internet, are one of the most essential things to businesses. Without computer networks, companies would be lost and would not have a way to communicate without these systems and this would cause businesses to operate slower (Network 1). Patch works of older networking systems are easier to find these days (Network 1). Starting relationships between many businesses, networks in many ways become synonymous with the groups and businesses they bring together (Network 1). Business employees, customers, and business partners would have available access to their information stored in network systems, could get to their network systems and share them easily among themselves (â€Å"Network† 1). Computer networks give their owners speed, ability to connect, and ultimately value to their users. They give possible solutions for business difficulties and issues that would not be possible to other businesses (Network 1). Computer networking systems are requir ed for electronic communications. (Network 1) As time moves on, businesses’ spend a ton of money on computer systems that are used to manage various functions such as accounting, human resources... ...ained. (Kolakowski 2) â€Å"Now I can create spheres where workers manage their corporate email accounts and connections to the CRM to do their real work. The advantages of that architecture is that the user has greater separation between work and personal business, and isolation enhances security.† (â€Å"10 Problems 36) In the future of network security, there will be fingerprint readers. There will also be stronger encryption levels. Lastly, there will also be facial recognition software to protect the security of networks in the future and then again some hacker will gain access to it and start hacking it once more. Network security is something that network administrators must not take lightly. They must be aware of the causes that make network security an issue. Lastly, they must be aware of the problems and solutions to issues in network security situations.